Biology Examination Review: Somaliland National Examination Board 2021

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers essential biological concepts from the Somaliland 2021 Secondary Education Certificate Examination, including plant tropisms, cell biology, biochemistry, and livestock management.

Phototropism

The movement of plant parts in response to light.

Geotropism

The movement of plant parts in response to gravity.

Positively phototropic

Movement towards the light, such as plant shoots bending towards a light source.

Negatively phototropic

Movement away from light, as seen in plant roots.

Negatively geotropic

Movement away from gravity, as seen in plant shoots.

Positively geotropic

Movement towards gravity, such as plant roots bending towards the ground.

Cocci, Bacilli, and Spiral

The three basic shapes of bacteria.

Systemic circulation

The blood circulation between the heart and body parts.

Pulmonary circulation

The blood circulation between the heart and lungs.

Condensation reaction

The addition of two molecules to form a larger molecule, such as bonding glucose and fructose to form sucrose, with the removal of water as a by-product.

Hydrolysis reaction

The breaking down of a large molecule into small molecules, such as sucrose into glucose and fructose, with the addition of water to split the molecule.

R group (side chain)

The component of an amino acid that determines its specific properties.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol.

Granum

The site of light-independent reactions (dark reactions) of photosynthesis within the chloroplast.

Lamellae

Part of the chloroplast that connects grana and helps absorb maximum sunlight to increase the rate of photosynthesis.

Interphase

The growth stage of the cell cycle.

Mitotic phase (Mitosis)

The division stage of the cell cycle involving nuclear division and cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis

The event of cell division occurring during the mitotic phase.

Mass selection

A livestock selection method based on the individual's performance relative to other animals of the same sex and age affected by the same environment.

Contemporary comparison

A selection method for bulls based on the performance of their daughters.

Glycolysis

A respiratory process that breaks down a glucose molecule into ATP, NADH, and pyruvate molecules.

Anaerobic glycolysis

A process occurring in the absence of oxygen in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to rapidly produce ATP.

Aerobic glycolysis

A process occurring in the presence of oxygen within the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

Passive transport

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without the requirement of energy.

Active transport

The movement of molecules or ions from lower to higher concentration against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Quarantine

A method of controlling livestock diseases by isolating animals.

Culling

A method of controlling livestock diseases by selectively removing animals from a herd.