KIN160 - Module 2

What were the three factors that contributed to the modernization of Canadian Sport?

1. Improvements in Transportation
2. Improvements in Communication
3. Improvements in Sport Equipment and Facilities

Modern sport was a product of the mid-19th century [....][.....] and the many technological and social changes that came with it

Give an example

Industrial Revolution

Comparing Wresting in the ANCIENT ERA VERSUS MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES

Define Sport

Any formally organized, competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the execution of complex physical skills with rules enforced by a regulatory body.

What were the two major technological changes that came with the industrial revolution and how did this influence the evolution of sport?

1. Invention of the STEAM ENGINE

-Citizens could now travel by rail, and this gave way to combustion engines and cars/planes

-Transportation to travel long distances for sport got EASIER

2. Telecommunications (the ability to get information across vast distances)

-Telegram, telephone, internet

-Massive amounts of information were able to be spread over greater geological distances and this enabled folks to follow sport from an INTERNATIONAL standpoint

-Development of the stadium/facilities

-Development of indoor lighting, allowing sports to be played at night

-Development of artificial ice, sports can be played earlier in the fall and in the spring

-Went from smaller agriculture areas to larger urban centers! *Larger urban centers lead to the DEVELOPMENT OF LEAGUES, and having leagues required a set of STANDARDIZED RULES TO BE ESTABLISHED

All of these factors highlight HISTORICAL SENSITIVITY and allows us to understand where contemporary sport came from

Canadian sport is a history of [....] where more powerful groups in society defined the structure, traditions, and practices and meanings of sport

HISTORY OF STRUGGLE

Sport is a site of contestation

Improvements in Transportation

Travelling was once very time intensive (via foot, horse, paddling/sailing)

-This meant that only the elite could afford the means to engage in these travelling practices and participate in sport Ex. Toronto to Hamilton; If you went by horse and buggy, that would have taken you a full 24 hours to complete the trip For affluent communities, this was never an opportunity to them as they did not possess the financial resources

However, with technological advancements such as the steam engine and Pan Canadian railroad, it took only 5 days to travel from Toronto to Port Moody BC!

-Resulted in a dramatic decrease in travel time This meant that ALL Canadians had more accessible means to travel for competitions

-This rise in competition aided the FORMATION OF LEAGUES, and there was a need for an international standardized guidelines of rules for all sport, thus developing a sporting body for each sport

Improvements in Communication

With improvements in communication, the "hometown hero" and local teams could be followed as they competed in different nations and across the globe

INVENTION OF THE TELEGRAPH

-Essentially the early phone, invented in 1850

-Sending a code through electrical impulses via a wire

-Prior to this, communication was done by foot, boat, buggy -In 1866, it connected Europe to North America

Allowed for the emergence of the MODERN SPORTS FAN (Someone who no longer had to be physically present at sporting events to follow their team; sport was now broadcasted and made accessible!)

Ex. Both the elite and working class lined up outside the office of the Toronto Globe during the 1902 Stanley Cup as the radio had play-by-play commentary of the Toronto Wellingtons vs the Winnipeg Victoria's

These improvements in technology and communication makes the world feels "smaller" with how international broadcasting has changed the accessibility for the world of sport

Improvements in Sport Equipment and Facilities

With factories, now sporting equipment was being mass produced, meaning prices went down and even the working class could afford it

KEY POINT:

Factories fostered the regulation of sport as now we could customize the quality, size, and fit of the manufacture of sport equipment, etc.

Invention of gas lighting meant sport could be played DURING THE EVENING:

-People could engage in sport AFTER work, increasing accessibility

-Invention of stadium seating and better facilities also created a spectator environment

-As a result, sport radically become MODERNARIZED

Why did modernization NOT EQUAL the democratization of sport?

AMATEURISM

-We have to understand who is organizing sport and whose ideology are we considering when organizing sport

Who were the Business Elite? Where were they from?

From urban center of Montreal, and at the time, Montreal was the "commercial hub" of Canada

-White men, well educated, wealthy, possessed adequate resources

These wealthy men organized sport to benefit their own interests and ideologies

They organized sport to BENEFIT THEMSELVES

Where were the best facilities, coaching, and completions located?

Located in the urban, English-Canadian businessmen's clubs, universities, and YMCAs

What did amateur sport state?

Held that athletes should play for the pure joy and honour of completion and DID NOT DESERVE any means of compensation/rewards as they had sufficient money and income

-AMATEUR DEFINES THE MOST ELITE SPORTING COMPETITON IN THE WORLD
-Amateurs are NOT below professionals

What was the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association (MAAA)?

What was its impact on Canadian sport?

Was the principal covering sporting organization in Canada in the late 19th century

MAAA was an organization by which the gender, racial, and social class values of a relatively small group of white, business class men shaped sport for the entire country

Describe the timeline of the Early Days of Women's Hockey

1920 - Women's hockey challenged the dominant Victorian ideology that cast women as weak, passive, and fragile

1920s and 1930s - Local, provincial and national governing body STRUGGLED to gain legitimacy and resources

1923 - Canadian Amateur Hockey Association votes to NOT OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE THE WOMENS GAME

1930s - Women's Hockey was increasingly competing with men's hockey for support and resources

Amateurism

A set of ideas about sport that reinforced the notion that athletes should not receive remuneration for competing in sport.

Small rural communities shifted to being DOMINATED by cities is known as

Urbanization

When was the telegraph invented? What about the trans-atlantic telegraph?

1850
1866 - Trans-Atlantic

When did the Toronto Wellingtons challenge the Winnipeg Victorias for the Stanley Cup

1902

Both ELITE AND WORKING CLASS Lined up outside the office of the Toronto Globe as they had the radio for play-by-play commentary

How did technological advancements impact the evolution of Equipment Technologies and Facilities?

EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Quality - safer and accessible

Reduced Cost - more affordable

Standardized - aided organizations of leagues and inter-regional, national, and international organization

FACILITES

-Gas lighting meant that sports could be played at NIGHT AFTER WORK, making it more accessible for WORKING CLASS

-Stadium seating aided evolution of the MODERN SPORTS FAN