8th Grade Religion Final Review

What are the evangelical counsels?

Poverty, chastity, and obedience.

What is religious life?

A life dedicated to prayer, work, study, and the needs of society.

What is a monastery?

A place where nuns or monks live.

Who was Charlemagne?

The Holy Roman Emperor who began the reform of the Church and the state, reorganized the Church's hierarchy, and made lasting contributions to education.

What is excommunication?

A severe penalty that brings exclusion from participation in the Church's sacramental life.

What is simony?

The buying and selling of spiritual things, spiritual services, or Church offices.

What were the Crusades?

Battles to free the Holy Land and its sacred sites from Muslim control.

What is lay investiture?

The illicit practice by secular leaders to invest, or empower, Church leaders with authority.

What is Christendom?

The cultural and political atmosphere that came into existence during the High Middle Ages.

What is the Inquisition?

An official court that investigated people who were accused of heresy.

What is transubstantiation?

The changing of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ during the consecration at Mass.

What are pilgrimages?

The spiritual practice of going on journeys to shrines or other holy places.

Who are heretics?

Persons who taught false religious doctrines.

Who was St. Francis of Assisi?

The son of a wealthy merchant in Assisi, Italy who chose to live a life in total poverty.

What is an antipope?

A man who is not the true pope but claims to be the pope.

What was the Great Schism?

A situation from the late 1300's until 1417, in which two men claimed to be the pope.

What is the Renaissance?

The transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age, from the French word 'rebirth.'

What is humanism?

A philosophy that places increased emphasis on the importance of the person.

What language did few laypeople speak by the late Middle Ages?

Latin, the language of the Mass.

Who was Saint Columba?

An Irish monk, abbot, and missionary who sailed to the island of Iona.

What is an indulgence?

The remission of the temporal punishment due to sins already forgiven by God.

What is the Counter-Reformation?

The period in history in which the Church began a program of reform in response to the crisis begun by Martin Luther.

Who are Anabaptists?

Protestant reformers who rejected the validity of infant Baptism and baptized adults again.

What are the Ninety-Five Theses?

The list of issues in need of reform that Martin Luther nailed to the door of the church at Wittenberg.

What does it mean to evangelize?

To proclaim the good news of Christ to people everywhere.

What are absolute monarchs?

Former European kings and queens who controlled all aspects of the lives of their people.

Who was John Carroll?

The first bishop of Baltimore, Maryland—the first diocese of the Catholic Church in the United States.

What is secularism?

The idea that religious faith has no place in society, science, or government.

Who established the colony of Maryland?

George Calvert established the colony of Maryland as a place where both Catholics and Protestants could worship freely.

What was the Enlightenment?

A new age of science and reason that emerged by the eighteenth century.

Who was St. Hildegard of Bingen?

A twelfth-century German mystic who experienced visions from a young age and later became a Benedictine nun.

What were the Papal States?

A section of central Italy that was governed by the pope.

What was the Reign of Terror?

A period during the French Revolution in 1793 when thousands of French citizens were killed.

What was the Concordat of 1801?

A treaty negotiated between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII in 1801.

Who refused to take the oath upholding the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?

Louis XVI refused to take the oath and went into hiding, continuing to administer the sacraments until his capture and sentencing to death.

What is infallibility?

The divine guarantee that the pope's official statements of doctrine regarding faith and morals are free from error.

Who founded the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament?

Mother Katharine Drexel founded the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament in the United States in 1891.

Who is John Henry Newman?

An influential Catholic of the 19th century who was a priest in the Church of England before becoming a Catholic priest in 1845.

What is a plenary council?

A meeting attended by all the country's bishops to address the needs of the Church.

Who convened the Second Vatican Council?

Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council in 1962.

What was the Lateran Treaty?

A treaty negotiated by Pope Pius XI with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in 1929 to secure rights for the Church.

Who was the first Catholic president of the United States?

John F. Kennedy was elected as the first Catholic president in 1960.

What is the Baltimore Catechism?

A catechism used by most young American Catholics to learn their faith from its first publication in 1885 until the late 1960s.

What are encyclicals?

Letters written by the pope to address social justice issues, including Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris by Pope John XXIII.

What is the Second Vatican Council?

A council where 2,500 bishops gathered in Rome for its open session on October 11, 1962.

What is the Iron Curtain?

The term used to describe the new barrier in post-war Europe that divided the continent.

Who started the Society of Francis de Sales?

Saint John Bosco started the Society of Francis de Sales and an order of Salesian sisters.

Who was Pope Leo XIII?

A pope who knew the Church needed to proclaim her social teaching and wrote many encyclicals, including Rerum Novarum in 1891.

Who was John Hughes?

The archbishop of New York who worked tirelessly for social justice and civil rights for his largely poor, largely Irish flock.

Who was Patrick Joseph Hayes?

The archbishop appointed for the military services of the United States during WWI.