Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Wars

Calvinist teachings

________ called the power of sacred images into question, and mobs in many cities took down and smashed statues, stained- glass windows, and paintings, viewing this as a way to purify the church.

Serious crimes

________ and heresy were handled by the civil authorities, which, with the Consistorys approval, sometimes used torture to extract confessions.

intellectual seriousness

Calvinisms ________, moral gravity, and emphasis on any form of labor well done appealed to urban merchants, financiers, and artisans.

Archbishop Thomas Cranmer

________ simplified the liturgy, invited Protestant theologians to England, and prepared the first Book of Common Prayer (1549), which was later approved by Parliament.

Emperor Charles V

________ had inherited the seventeen provinces that compose presentday Belgium and the Netherlands.

Catholic

According to ________ theology, individuals who sin could be reconciled to God by indulgence, or confessing their sins to a priest and by doing an assigned penance, such as praying or fasting.

Luther

________ lived in a territory ruled by a noble- the elector of Saxony- and he also worked closely with political authorities, viewing them as fully justified in asserting control over the church in their territories.

Lutheranism

________ was spread by Hungarian students who had studied at Wittenberg, and sympathy for it developed at the royal court of King Louis II in Buda.

Pulpits

________ and printing presses spread the Protestant message all over Germany, and by the middle of the sixteenth century people of all social classes had rejected Catholic teachings and had become Protestant.

1682

The last official execution for witchcraft in England was in ________, though the last one in the Holy Roman Empire was not until 1775.

Royal

________ and noble sons and daughters were important tools of state policy.

1568

Between ________ and 1578 civil war raged in the Netherlands between Catholics and Protestants and between the seventeen provinces and Spain.

Europe

War and diplomacy were important ways that states increased their power in sixteenth- century ________, but so was marriage.

Ireland

________ had been claimed by English kings since the twelfth century, but in reality the English had firm control of only the area around Dublin, known as the Pale.

Charles V

________ was a vigorous defender of Catholicism, so it is not surprising that the Reformation led to religious wars.

Calvin

________ did not ascribe free will to human beings because that would detract from the sovereignty of God.

Peace of Augsburg

The ________ ended religious war in Germany for many decades.

Calvinism

________ spread on the continent of Europe, and also found a ready audience in Scotland.

Protestants

________ saw marriage as a contract in which each partner promised the other support, companionship, and the sharing of mutual goods.

Paul III

Pope ________ also called a general council, which met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 at Trent, an imperial city close to Italy.

Ignatius Loyola

Founded by ________ (1491- 1556), the Jesuits played a powerful international role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around the world.

Sweden

In ________, Gustavus Vasa (r. 1523- 1560), who came to the throne during a civil war with Denmark, also took over control of church personnel and income.

word Protestant

The ________ derives from the protest drawn up by a small group of reforming German princes at the Diet of Speyer in 1529.

Protestant Reformation

The ________ clearly had a positive impact on marriage, but its impact on women was more mixed.

Martin Luther

________ was a very conscientious friar, but his scrupulous observance of religious routine, frequent confessions, and fasting gave him only temporary relief from anxieties about sin and his ability to meet Gods demands.

Poland

By 1500 ________ and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were jointly governed by king, senate, and diet (parliament), but the two territories retained separate officials, judicial systems, armies, and forms of citizenship.

witch hunts

The use of inquisitorial procedure did not always lead to ________.

Geneva

________ became the model of a Christian community for many Protestant reformers.

Netherlands

In the ________, what began as a movement for the reformation of the church developed into a struggle for Dutch independence.

Loyola

________ was a man of considerable personal magnetism.

German Peasants War

The ________ of 1525 greatly strengthened the authority of lay rulers.

Luther

While ________ and Zwingli worked with political authorities, some individuals and groups rejected the idea that church and state needed to be united.

Calvin

________ transformed Geneva into a community based on his religious principles.

Calvinists

________ believed that any occupation could be a God- given "calling, "and should be carried out with diligence and dedication.

Luther

________ was ordered to come to Rome, although because of the political situation in the empire, he was able instead to engage in formal scholarly debate with a representative of the church, Johann Eck, at Leipzig in 1519.

Calvin

________ believed that God had specifically selected him to reform the church.

Calvinism

________ became the compelling force in international Protestantism.

Luther

________ and Zwingli both believed that a priests or nuns vows of celibacy went against human nature and Gods commandments, and that marriage brought spiritual advantages and so was the ideal state for nearly all human beings.

Luther

In 1509, while ________ was preparing for a doctorate at Wittenberg, John Calvin (1509- 1564) was born in Noyon in northwestern France.