Reproductive Health and Menstrual Disorders

This flashcard set covers essential vocabulary and concepts from reproductive health, including menstrual disorders, fertility treatments, contraception, and the impact of menopause.

meno

A prefix meaning menstrual related.

metro

A prefix meaning time.

oligo

A prefix meaning few.

a

A prefix meaning without, none or lack of.

rhagia

A suffix meaning excess or abnormal.

dys

A prefix meaning not or pain.

rhea

A suffix meaning flow.

Amenorrhea

The absence of menses during reproductive years.

Primary Amenorrhea (Type 1)

The absence of menses by age $14$ with the absence of development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Primary Amenorrhea (Type 2)

The absence of menses by age $16$ with normal development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Secondary Amenorrhea

The absence of regular menses for three cycles or irregular menses for $6$ months in women who have previously menstruated regularly.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation, categorized as primary (spasmodic) or secondary (congestive).

Primary Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation caused by increased prostaglandin production.

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation caused by pelvic or uterine pathology; endometriosis is the most common cause.

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)

Painless endometrial bleeding that is prolonged, excessive, and irregular and not attributed to any underlying structural or systemic disease.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

A wide range of recurrent symptoms, with etiology unknown and managed through lifestyle, diet, and medications.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A more severe variant of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) involving mood disorders as main symptoms.

A-C-D-H-O

Acronym for categorizing PMS symptoms: Anxiety, Craving, Depression, Hydration, and Other.

Endometriosis

A condition characterized by nonspecific pelvic tenderness and tender nodular masses on uterosacral ligaments, the posterior uterus, or the posterior cul-de-sac.

Clomiphene citrate (Clomid)

A nonsteroidal synthetic antiestrogen used to induce ovulation, typically discontinued after $3$ cycles.

Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG/Pergonal)

A fertility drug that induces ovulation by direct stimulation of the ovarian follicle.

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

An assisted reproductive technology where oocytes and sperm are combined and immediately placed in the fallopian tube so fertilization can occur naturally.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A procedure where one sperm is injected into the cytoplasm of the oocyte to fertilize it, indicated for male factor infertility.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Used to identify genetic defects in embryos created through IVF before pregnancy when genetic abnormalities are known in the parents.

Lactational Amenorrhea Method

A behavioral method of contraception based on the absence of menses during breastfeeding.

Tubal Ligation

A sterilization procedure for women where a laparoscope is inserted to grasp and seal the fallopian tubes.

Vasectomy

A sterilization procedure for men that involves cutting the vas deferens, which carries the sperm.

External Condom Effectiveness

Perfect Use is $98\%$ effective; typical use is $87\%$ effective.

Medical Abortion

The use of medications such as Methotrexate or Mifepristone followed by Misoprostol to terminate a pregnancy.

Menopause (Bones)

Results in bone density loss and increased risk of osteoporosis due to less $\text{Ca}^{+}$ absorbed and increased fractures.