Biol 213 FRQ

Pluripotent

cant create entire organism but can be any cell type

• stem cells

Todipotent

create entire organism and be any cell type (entire organism)

• Zygote

Multipotent

can be many types of cells but not all

unipotent

can only be a single cell type

2 types of proteins in membrane

• peripheral

• integral

peripheral protein

• attached to something else in order to attach to membrane

• can be removed by gentler extraction methods

integral proteins

• directly attached to membrane

• can only be removed by detergent

Transporter

• in both active and passive transport

• have binding sites

• 3D structure

• specificity and affinity effect it

channel

• passive transport only

• no binding site

• concentration determines direction

step one of glycolysis

• non reversible

• glucose +ATP → G6P (sugar phosphate)

• enzyme : hexokinase

• glucose is trapped inside cell due to negative charge of phosphate in G6P (cant go through plasma membrane)

second step of glycolysis

• Reversible

• G6P goes through isomerization which causes formation of aldose to ketose sugar (movement of carbonyl oxygen from c1 to c2)

• enzyme : phosphoglucosisomerase

• G6P turns into F6P

third step of glycolysis

• new hydroxyl group on F6P on carbon 1 is phosphorylated by ATP → preparing to be separated into 2 3-carbon phosphates

• entry of sugar into glycolysis

• F6P turns into fructose 1,6 biphosphate

• enzyme: phosphofructokinase

fourth step of glycolysis

• F1,6 BP is turned into 2 3-carbon sugar phosphates

• one of the 3 carbon sugar phosphates is called dihydroxyacetone phosphate (goes into glycolysis later)

• the other is called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (goes to glycolysis immediately)

• enzyme : aldolase

fifth step of glycolysis

• dihydroxyacetone phosphate goes through isomerization to form 2nd molecule of G3P

• if reversed: gluconeogenesis (but dont want)

• enzyme: triose phosphate isomerase

steps 6 and 7 of glycolysis are

repeated twice

sixth step of glycolysis

• only time we see NADH

• the 2 molecules of G3P are oxidized(lose electrons) → energy generation phase of glycolysis begins

• NAD+ takes hydrogen from G3P and becomes NADH

• G3P is double phosphorylated (2 phosphates) → turns into 1,3-biphosphoglycerade

• enzyme: G3P dehydrogenase (siphons out G3P)

seventh step of glycolysis

• 1,3 biphosphoglycerade + ADP → donate a phosphate to become ATP + 3-phosphoglycerade

• enzyme: phosphoglycerade kinase

• substrate level phosphorylation (direct way to make ATP)

eighth step of glycolysis

• phosphate ester linkage of 3PG (lowers free energy if hydrolysis) moves from c3 to c2 → 2 phosphoglycerade

• enzyme : phosphoglycerate mutase

ninth step of glycolysis

• remove H2O from 2-PG → high energy enol phosphate linkage which forms phosphoenolpyruvate + water

• enzyme: enolase

tenth step of glycolysis

• phosphenolpyruvate donates phosphate to ADP → pyruvate + ATP

• enzyme: pyruvate kinase

products on glycolysis

• 2 pyruvate

• 2 ATP (net)

• 2 NADH