Functional Anatomy & Kinesiology

Myotome C1

cervical flexion (head down)

Myotome C2

cervical extension (head back)

Myotome C3

Cervical lateral flexion

Myotome C4

Shoulder shrug

Myotome C5

Shoulder abduction/elbow flexion

Myotome C6

Elbow flexion/wrist extension

Myotome C7

Elbow extension/wrist flexion

Myotome C8

Ulnar deviation, thumb extension, finger flexion

Myotome T1

Finger adduction/abduction

Dermatome C1

Top of head

Dermatome C2

Temporal, occipital region

Dermatome C3

Posterior cheek, neck

Dermatome C4

Superior shoulder, clavicle region

Dermatome C5

Deltoid patch, lateral upper arm

Dermatome C6

Lateral forearm, radial hand, thumb, index finger

Dermatome C7

Posterior lateral arm and forearm, middle finger

Dermatome C8

Medial forearm, ulnar border of hand, 4th and 5th fingers

Dermatome T1

Medial elbow

Musculocutaneous (C5-C7) Peripheral Nerve Testing

Lateral forearm

Median (C5-C7, C8, T1) Peripheral Nerve Testing

Distal radial aspect, index finger

Ulnar (C8, T1 and some C7) Peripheral Nerve Testing

Distal ulnar side of 5th finger

Axillary (C5-C6) Peripheral Nerve Testing

Lateral arm, deltoid patch

Radial (C5-C8, T1) Peripheral Nerve Testing

Dorsal web space between thumb and index finger

Dermatome vs Peripheral Nerve Testing

Dermatome = Central Nervous System processing via specific spinal nerve

PN = Peripheral NS processing via nerve branches

3 general types of peripheral nerve testing

1. Superficial Sensation

2. Proprioceptive Sensation

3. Cortical Sensory

Types of superficial sensation PN testing

Touch, pain, temp

Types of proprioceptive sensation PN testing

Joint position, movement, vibration

Types of cortical sensory PN testing

Stereognosis(ID object by touch), graphesthesia, 2-point touch, & touch localization

Deep tendon reflex testing on C5 (Biceps)

Tap the elbow crease

Deep tendon reflex testing on C6 (Brachioradialis)

Tap proximally to the radial styloid process

Deep tendon reflex testing on C7 (Triceps)

Tap above the back of the elbow

Tip Pinch

Tips of thumb and index finger meet

Lateral Pinch

Thumb meets middle of index finger

3-Jaw Chuck / Palmar / Tripod Pinch

Tips of index and middle finger meet the thumb tip

Number of cervical vertebrae

7

Number of thoracic vertebrae

12

Number of lumbar vertebrae

5

Number of sacral vertebrae

5

Number of coccygeal vertebrae

4

Cervical vertebrae curvature

Lordosis / Anterior

Thoracic vertebrae curvature

Kyphosis / Posterior

Lumbar vertebrae curvature

Lordosis / Anterior

Sacral vertebrae curvature

Kyphosis / Posterior

Gross ROM Screen for spine includes … (6)

Trunk

1. Flexion

2. Extension

3. Rotation

4. Lateral Flexion

Rib Cage

1. Elevation/Expansion

2. Depression/Collapse

1st Class Lever

Resistance & Effort on opposite sides of axis

Ex: Posterior neck muscles(effort) tilt head(resistance) back on the spinal column(axis)

2nd Class Lever

Resistive force is on the same side as and closer to the axis than the effort

Ex: Calf lifting(effort) foot(resistance) onto the toes(axis)

3rd Class Lever

Effort is on the same side as and closer to the axis than the resistance

*most common in human body

Ex: Biceps(effort) lifting mug(resistance) upwards via flexion at the elbow(axis)

Isometric muscle contraction

Contraction w no change in length

Ex: Holding something steady

Isotonic contraction & types

Contraction w change in length

Eccentric: lengthening

Concentric: shortening

Passive insufficiency

Muscle cant elongate further bc it’s fully stretched

Active insufficiency

Muscle cannot shorten bc it’s fully contracted

______ wraps around each axon, ______ wraps around each fascicle, & ______ wraps arounds groups of fascicles

Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium

Afferent neurons

Arrive w sensory info for the CNS

Efferent neurons

Exit the CNS w motor info

12 Cranial Nerve Names

1. Olfactory

2. Optic

3. Oculomotor

4. Trochlear

5. Trigeminal

6. Abducent

7. Facial

8. Vestibulocochlear

9. Glossopharyngeal

10. Vagus

11. Accessory (spinal)

12. Hypoglossal

12 Cranial Nerve Functions (sensory or motor)

1. Sensory - smell

2. Sensory - vision

3. Motor - move eye, eyelid, & pupil constriction

4. Motor - move eye down & medially

5. Both - chewing

6. Motor - abducting eye

7. Both - facial expression & taste

8. Sensory - hearing & vestibular sense

9. Both - swallowing, taste, salivation

10. Both - visceral regulation & speech

11. Motor - Scapular elevation & head rotation

12. Motor - tongue movement

Number of cervical spinal nerves

8

Number of thoracic spinal nerves

12

Number of lumbar spinal nerves

5

Number of sacral spinal nerves

5

Number of coccygeal spinal nerves

1

Brachial plexus section terminology

Roots → trunks → divisions → cords → branches

Frontal plane axis and motion

Sagittal axis, ab/adduction

Sagittal plane axis and motion

Frontal axis, flexion & extension

Transverse plane axis and motion

Vertical axis, spinal rotation

Active vs Passive ROM

Active - no assistance / achieved by patient

Passive - moved by outside force

dynamometry

measures muscle strength, usually used for grip

scapular elevation muscles

trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae

scapular depression muscles

trapezius, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

upward rotation of scapula muscles

trapezius, serratus anterior

downward rotation of scapula muscles

Rhomboid major

Rhomboid minor

Levator scapula

Pectoralis minor

scapular protraction muscles

serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

scapular retraction muscles

trapezius, rhomboids

trapezius origins

external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, and spinous processes of C7-T12

trapezius insertions

lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

trapezius nerve

spinal accessory nerve

trapezius actions

Retracts, elevates, depresses scapulae; extends and laterally flexes head

levator scapulae origin

transverse processes of C1-C4

levator scapulae insertion

medial border of scapula superior to spine

levator scapulae nerve

dorsal scapular nerve

levator scapulae actions

scapular elevation and downward rotation; cervical extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

rhomboids origins

spinous processes of C7-T5

rhomboids insertion

medial border of scapula

rhomboids nerve

dorsal scapular nerve

rhomboids actions

adduction, downward rotation, elevation of scapula

serratus anterior origin

ribs 1-8

serratus anterior insertion

anterior surface of medial border of scapula

serratus anterior nerve

long thoracic nerve

serratus anterior action

Scapular abduction, upward rotation, depression, and protraction

pectoralis minor origin

ribs 3-5

pectoralis minor insertion

coracoid process of scapula

pectoralis minor nerve

medial pectoral nerve

pectoralis minor action

protracts and depresses scapula

infraspinatus origin

infraspinous fossa of scapula

infraspinatus insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

infraspinatus nerve

Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)

infraspinatus action

lateral rotation and adduction of shoulder

teres minor origin

lateral border of scapula

teres minor insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

teres minor nerve

axillary nerve