Exam #4 (SP2026) Biology Review

Vocabulary terms covering digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems based on the Exam #4 study guide.

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins K, A, D, and E.

Jejunum water absorption

Absorbs $5L$ of water.

Colon water absorption

Absorbs $1.5L$ of water.

Stomach water absorption

Absorbs $1L$ of water.

Mucosa

The first/innermost layer of the Alimentary canal.

Submucosa

The second layer of the Alimentary canal.

Muscularis

The third layer of the Alimentary canal, composed of circular and longitudinal muscles.

Serosa

The fourth and outermost layer of the Alimentary canal.

Small intestine components

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Major parts of the pharynx

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngealopharynx.

Sequence of digestion mnemonic

‘My Elephant Stomps Slowly In Large Rivers Always’ representing the Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, and Anus.

Types of teeth

Incisors, canine, premolars, and molars.

Lysozyme

An antibacterial enzyme in saliva that cleanses the mouth and teeth.

Submandibular gland

A salivary gland composed of serous and mucus cells

Bolus

A mass of food formed by manipulation and chewing.

Cardiac sphincter

The valve that relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach.

Chief cell

A cell in the gastric glands that secretes digestive enzymes, specifically pepsinogen.

Parietal cell

A cell in the gastric glands that secretes hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) and intrinsic factor.

Gastric juice

Secretion of the gastric glands containing mucus, digestive enzymes, and hydrochloric acid ($HCl$).

Pepsin

The most important digestive enzyme in gastric juice.

Gastrin

A hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates gastric juice secretion and stomach lining growth.

Regulation of Gastric Secretions

Vagus nerve (parasympathetic) activates → Acetylcholine ($ACh$) is released → Gastric juice/Gastrin hormone is produced.

Goblet cells

Cells in the lining of the small intestine that constantly secrete mucus.

Sucrase

Enzyme on the microvilli that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Maltase

Enzyme on the microvilli that breaks down maltose into glucose and glucose.

Lactase

Enzyme on the microvilli that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Peptidases

Enzymes on the brush border of the small intestine that break peptides into amino acids.

Intestinal lipase

Enzyme in the small intestine that breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Bile

A substance produced and secreted by the liver to aid digestion.

Types of Tonsils

Palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, and Lingual Tonsils.

Visceral pleura

The lining that sticks directly onto the organ/lung.

Parietal pleura

The lining that lines the wall around the organ.

Alveolar gas exchange

Oxygen ($O_2$) moves from alveoli into the blood; Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) moves from the blood into the alveoli.

Phrenic nerve

The nerve responsible for running the diaphragm.

Primary muscles of respiration

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

Flow of urine

Afferent arteriole → glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule → tubules → collecting duct → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder.

Renin

Enzyme released by kidneys when blood pressure is low; it narrows vessels and increases sodium/water reabsorption.

Urea

A substance made from the breakdown of amino acids (proteins) in the liver.

Urine composition

Consists of $95\%$ water.

Micturition

The process of urination, regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Detrusor muscle

The muscle that causes the urinary bladder to contract.

Sperm production and storage

Produced in seminiferous tubules and stored/matured in the epididymis.

Pathway of sperm release

Seminiferous tubules → rete testis → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → penis.

Layers of the uterus

Endometrium, myometrium, and epimetrium.

The hard palate consists of what 2 bones?

Maxilla and Palatine

Deciduous teeth

Often called "baby" or "primary" teeth

20 fall out

Permanent teeth

32 including wisdom teeth

What do Mucus-producing cells do?

• Protect the stomach lining.

What is a chyme?

• Once the bolus is processed by gastric juices and churning, it is renamed chyme

What does nutrient breakdown look like?

1. Carbohydrates (broken down and consumed first).

 2. Proteins (second).

  3. Fats (last).

What is the heaviest organ?

Liver; it has 300 different functions

Filters blood

How many lobes does the liver have?

4

• Right lobe, Left lobe, Caudate lobe, and Quadrate lobe.

Hepatocytes

These are the primary liver cells responsible for metabolic and secretory functions.   

Kupffer Cells

are large phagocytic macrophages

They act as the "cleaning" mechanism of the liver, engulfing junk, debris, and waste from other organs