Key Vocabulary 1750-1900

Declaration of Independence

A document modeled after the political philosophies of John Locke. It altered the natural rights identified by John Locke to include "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"

Self Strengthening Movement

A late 19th century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged western investment in factories and railways

Romanticism

A literary and artistic movement in 19th century Europe; emphasized emotion over reason

Queu

A long ponytail that Chinese men were forced to wear to distinguish them from the Manchus

Domestic System

A manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a factory setting

Maoris

A member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800 CE

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution

Communism

An economic system in which the state controls the means of production

Liberalism

An enlightenment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property, and representative government

Guano

Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late 19th century

Suez Canal

Canal constructed by Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez in 1869

Napoleonic Code

Collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte

Spanish American War

Conflict between the United States and Spain that began the rise of the United States as a world power

Spanish Civil War

A conflict from 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces

Economic Imperialism

Control of a country's economy by the business of another nation

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalistic revolutions, most of them unsuccessful, that swept through Europe

Spheres of Influence

Divisions of a country in which a particular foreign nation enjoys economic privileges

Jacobins

Extreme radicals during the French revolution

Theory of Relativity

Idea which argued that time and space were relative to one another

Theory of Natural Selection

Idea, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that species survive due to favorable characteristics

Bourgeoisie

The French class of merchants and artisans who were members of the 3rd estate and initiators of the French Revolution; in Marxist theory, a term referring to factory owners

Proletarian

In marxist theory, the class of workers in an industrial society

Conservatism

In 19th century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state-established churches

Factors of Production

Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship, which existed in Britain which allowed it to lead in the Industrial Revolution

Zaibatsu

Large industrial organization created in Japan during the Industrialization of the late 19th century

Conscription

Military draft

Tanzimet Reforms

19th century reforms by Ottoman rulers designed to make government and military more efficient

Monroe Doctrine

Policy issued by the United States in which it declared that the Western hemisphere was off limits to colonization of other powers

Indian National Congress

Political party that became the leader of the Indian Nationalist movement

Congress of Vienna

Restored legitimate monarchs to the thrones of Europe and to create a balance of power

Boxer Rebellion

Revolt against foreign residents of China

Sepoy Rebellion

Revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths (1857)

Natural Rights

Rights that belong to every person and that no government may take away

Great Trek

Slaveholding Boers, who in 1834, left the Cape Colony and moved to the interior of Africa

Young Turks

Society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire

Boers

South Africans of Dutch descent

Sepoys

South Asian soldiers who served in the British army in India

Revolution of 1905

Strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia; prompted by shortages of food and by Russia's loss to Japan in 1905

Entrepreneurship

The ability to combine the factors of land, labor and capital to create factory production

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin's philosophy of natural selection to human society

Separation of Powers

The division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Estates

The divisions of society in pre-revolutionary France

Imperialism

The establishment of colonial empires

Enclosure Movement

The fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the constitution of the United States

Qing Dynasty

The Manchurian invaders who ruled China from 1644 to the early 1900s

Berlin Conference

The meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them

Capital

The money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization

Feminism

The movement to achieve women's rights

Reign of Terror

The period of the most extreme violence during the French Revolution

Manifest Destiny

The policy in the US that led to its expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Meiji Restoration

The restoration of the Meiji emperor in Japan in 1868 that began a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan following the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate

Extraterritoriality

The right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country

Duma

The Russian parliament

Raj

The Sanskrit name for the British government in India

Gran Columbia

The temporary union of the northern portion of South America after the independence movements led by Simon Bolivar

Estates-General

The traditional legislative body of France

Industrial Revolution

The transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty ending the Opium War that ceded Hong Kong to the British (1842)

Pogrom

Violence against Jews in tsarist Russia

Opium War

War between Great Britain and china began with the Qing dynasty's refusal to allow continued opium importation into China; British victory resulted in the Treaty of Nanking (1839-1842)

Sino-Japanese War

War between Japan and China, in 1895, over control over Korea

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan over Manchurian territory; resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese Navy

Boer War

War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British ?