Emergency Care Chapters 1-8

What are the structures and functions of the Musculoskeletal System?

Structures : Bones joints muscles Functions: Skeleton supports and protects the body, forms blood cells, and stores minerals. Muscles produce movement

What are the structures and functions in the Respiratory System?

Structures: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larnyx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs Functions: Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body

What are the structures and functions in the Cardiovascular System?

Structures: Heart, Arteries, veins Functions: Pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste.

What are the structures and functions of the Blood System?

Structures: Plasma , red plasma cells , white blood cell, platelets Functions: Transports oxygen, protects against pathogens and promotes clotting to control bleeding

What are the structures and functions of the Lymphatic System?

Structures: Tonsils/adenoids, Thymus gland, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels Functions: Helps to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contributes to the body's immune system

What are the structures and functions of the the Nervous System ?

Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves Receives sensory information and coordinates the body"s response

What are the structures and functions of the Digestive System?

Structures: Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas Functions: Ingest, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body

What are the structures and functions of the Integumentary System?

Structures: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat glands Functions: Forms protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation

What are the structures and functions of the Endocrine System?

Structures: Pituitary Gland, Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Thymus gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Testes , Ovaries Functions: Regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body

What are the structures and functions of the Renal/Urinary Systems?

Structures: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra. Functions: Filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body

What are the structures and functions of the Male Reproductive System ?

Structures: Testes, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Penis, Seminal Vesicles, Prostate gland Functions: Produces sperm for reproduction

What are the structures and functions of the Female Reproductive System?

Structures: Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, Vagina, Vulva, Breast Functions: Produces eggs for reproduction and provides place and nutrients for a growing baby

How many Systems are in the Human Body?

12: Female Reproductive, Male Reproductive, R

What are the 3 main functions in the musculoskeletal system?

1. Give the body shape

2. Protect vital internal organs

3. provide for body movement

What is the difference in the respiratory anatomy in children compared to adults?

1. Child has smaller nose and mouth

2. In child, more space is taken up by the tongue

3. Child trachea is narrower

4. Child's Cricoid cartilage is less rigid and less developed

5. Airway structures are more easily obstructed

The interactions to WHAT two systems is essential to life?

1. Respiratory System

2. Cardiovascular System

What is the primary function of the red blood cells (RBC)?

To carry oxygen to the tissues

What do white blood cells (WBC) do ?

They are involved in destroying microorganisms (germs) and producing substances called antibodies, which help the body resist infection.

What happens when platelets are activated?

They release chemical clotting factors needed to form blood clots.

What are some Peripheral Pulses?

Pulses found on the outer reaches of the body

Radial, Brachial, Posterior tibial, & Dorsalis pedis

What are some Central Pulses?

Carotid & Femoral Pulses

Can be felt in the central part of the body

The force blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels is know as ________________ __________________.

Blood Pressure

The pressure created in the arteries by blood is called _______ ?

systolic blood pressure

When the left ventricle of the heart is refilling , the pressure remaining in the arteries is called ________?

diastolic blood pressure

What is perfusion?

The adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body, with the removal of waste products.

Hypoperfusion also known as shock is a series condition. What happens in hypoperfusion?

With hypoperfusion, there is inadequate circulation of blood through one or more organs or structures.

When oxygen is present , glucose is converted in a process called _________________?

Aerobic Metabolism

What does the Spleen do?

Cleanses blood and removes old red blood cells

The Thymus is necessary for the development of the _____________.

Immune System

The _______ system is a collaboration of organs, tissues (nodes), thin-walled vessels, and fluids that are found throughout the entire body

Lymphatic System

What are some Lymphoid organs?

adenoids, tonsils, spleen, and thymus

The ____________ system consist of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve tissue.

Nervous System

The ________system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Where is the location of the spinal cord?

The spinal cord is located within the spinal column and stretches from the brain to the lumbar vertebrae

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of two types of nerves. What are those two types of nerves ?

Sensory and motor

The _______ nervous system is the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions and affects such things as digestion and heart rate.

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system can be further broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. What are these systems?

Sympathetic: referred to as "fight or flight" response. This system is engaged when the body is in crisis. Heart will beat faster, lungs breathe deeper, and blood vessels constrict.

Parasympathetic : asserts an opposite effect. It is engaged in times of relaxation and is often referred to as the "feed or breed" response. Cases increased blood flow to digestive tract and to the reproductive organs. Can also cause heart to slow down and blood vessels to dialate.

The _________ system provides the mechanisms by which food travels through the body and is digested or broken down into absorbable forms.

Digestive System : Food enters the mouth , is broken down by saliva and chewing. The food passes from mouth through the oropharynx and into the esophagus, where it is transported to the stomach.

Nutrients are absorbed by the body through the wall of the _________ intestine.

small intestine : Also there are 3 parts to the small intestine 1.duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

What does the large intestine do?

It removes water from waste products as they move towards elimination from the body

What are the functions of the liver?

detoxifying harmful substances, storing sugar , and assisting in the production of blood products.

What quadrant is the Appendix located in?

Right lower quadrant

What are the three major layers of the skin?

1. Epidermis- the outer layer

2. Dermis- the layer of skin below the epidermis

3. Subcutaneaous Layers- layers of fat and soft tissue below the dermis

The _________ system produces chemicals called hormones that help to regulate many body activities and functions

Endocrine System

What is a key organ of the endocrine system?

The pancreas because it secretes the hormone insulin.

________________ are the principal organs of the renal system.

Kidneys

_________ system, helps the body regulate fluid levels, filter chemicals, and adjust body pH.

Renal/Urinary System

__________ is a blood vessel that is carrying blood away from the heart.

Artery

_________ is the largest artery in the body .

Aorta

____________ artery ; located in the upper arm ; the site checked during infant CPR

Brachial Artery

What is automaticity?

The ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical pulses on its own.

_______________ arteries; the large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head.

carotid arteries

__________ are the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the blood stream takes place

Alveoli

__________ the two upper chambers of the heart. The right chamber receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs.

Atria

_____________the medial and larger bone in the lower leg

Tibia

How many vertebrae are in the spinal column?

33

What is the smallest kind of vein?

Venule

What is a leaf shaped structure that prevents food from entering the trachea?

Epiglottis

Give an overview of the historical events leading to the development of the modern Emergency Medical Services (EMS).

1790- French began transport of wounded soldiers

no medical care was provided until they arrived at the hospital.

1940-Hearses were often used as ambulances.

1960-Development of EMS began

1966- DOT developed EMS standards and assisting the states to upgrade the quality of their prehospital care

1973- Congress passed National Emergency Medical Services system Act

Who was charged with the development of the EMS standards and assisting the states to upgrade the quality of their prehospital care?

Dept of Transportation (DOT)

What are the 10 standards for the EMS system set forth by the National Hwy Traffic Safety Administration Technical Assistance Program (NHTSA) ?

1. Regulation and policy

2.Resource management

3. Human Resources and training

4. Transportation

5. Facilities ( closest appropriate facility)

6. Communications (911, dispatch to ambulance)

7. Public Information and Education

8. Medical Direction

9. Trauma Systems

10. Evaluation

Describe the components of the EMS system that must be in place for a patient to receive emergency medical care.

Patient>Citizen calls 911>Emergency Medical Dispatcher>Emergency Medical Responder>EMTs>Emergency Dept Staff> Allied health staff

What are the 4 levels of the EMS training and certifications?

1. Emergency Medical Responder (EMR)

2.Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)

3.Advanced Emergency Medical Technician (AEMT)

4.Paramedic

________ provide basic level medical and trauma care and transportation to the medical facility

Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-basic)

The __________ provides basic and advanced level care, including the use of advanced airway devices, monitoring of blood glucose levels, and administration of some medications, which may include intravenous and intraosseous administration.

Advanced Emergency Medical Technician (AEMT)

__________ performs all of the skills of the EMT and AEMT plus advanced-level skills. Most advanced level of prehospital care.

Paramedic

What are some areas of responsibility for the EMT?

1. Personal Safety

2. Safety of the crew

3.Patient assessment

4. Patient Care

5.Lifting and moving (w/o injuring yourself)

6. Transport

7. Transfer of Care (continuity of patient care)

8. Patient Advocacy

What are considered good physical traits of an EMT?

1. lift 125+ LBS

2.Good eyesight

3.Color vision

4. Able to give and receive oral & written communications

What are considered good personal traits of an EMT?

1.Pleasant

2. Good moral character (trust)

3.Emotionally Stable

4.Reduce improper care

*Smoking can contaminate wounds and is dangerous around oxygen systems

How often does the EMT certification expire?

Every 2 years

Where can you serve as a provider as an EMT?

Fire Depts, ambulance services, urban/industrial, or rural/wilderness settings

The ________________establishes and maintains national standards for EMTs.

National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT)

Upon passing the National Registry Exam , you will be entitled to wear the ____________.

NREMT patch

What is the purpose of the quality improvement program?

to prevent further occurrences of the same problem.

What are some of the ways an EMT can contribute to quality care?

1. Preparing carefully written documentation

2. Becoming involved in the quality process

3. Obtaining feedback from patients and the hospital staff

4. maintaining your equipment

5. continuing your education

An EMT at a basic or advanced level is operating as a ________ of a physician

designated agent

What is medical direction?

oversight of the patient care aspects of the EMS system by the medical director

What is a standing order?

A policy or protocol issued by a medical director that authorizes EMTs and others to perform particular skills in certain situations

Who is contacted if other procedures are not covered by the standing orders or protocols?

The on duty physician by radio or phone prior to performing a skill

EMS has a role in many public safety issues including:

1. Injury prevention for geriatric patients

2. Injury prevention for youth

3. Public vaccination programs

4. Disease surveillance

What are some of the special designations that hospitals may have ? names specialty centers

trauma centers, burn centers, pediatric centers, cardiac centers, stroke centers

What is the differences between on-line and off-line medical direction?

online- orders from on duty physician

off-line- standing orders issued by a medical director that allows EMTs to give certain medications

What health habits promote physical and mental well-being ?

exercise, sleep, eating right, maintaining solid personnel relationships , limiting alcohol and caffeine intake, see physician regularly

Diseases are caused by___________, organisms that cause infection, such as viruses and bacteria.

pathogens

Standard Precautions aka _____________ precautions , or infection control

Body substance Isolation (BSI)

_____________ has issued strict guidelines about precautions against exposure to bloodborne pathogens .

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

When should protective gloves be used ?

Vinyl or nonlatex gloves should be used whenever there is the potential for contact with blood and other bodily fluids.

When should eye and face protection be used ?

Wear eye protection to prevent splashing, spattering, or spraying fluids from entering the body through these membranes

When should face mask be used ?

In cases where there will be blood or fluid spatter , wear a surgical type mask.

if TB is suspected , use N95 or HEPA respirator

When should a gown be worn ?

Worn to protect clothing and bare skin from spilled or splashed fluids.

Vaccines are used as __________ measures

preventative

What is hepatitis?

an infection that causes inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis A is aquired primarily through contact with __________________ contaminated by stool.

food and water

Hepatitis B can be deadly . It has be found to live for many days in

dried blood spills

There are vaccines for Hepatitis ___________ and _________.

A and B

__________ is an infection that settles in the lungs and in some cases can be fatal.

Tuberculosis (TB) - spread through the air

__________ is a set of conditions that results when the immune system has been attached by HIV and rendered unable to combat certain infections adequately.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

HIV/AIDS presents far less risk to health care workers than ___________ and _____ because the virus does not survive well outside the human body .

hepatitis and TB

MERS & SARS can be spread through respiratory droplets , by coughing , sneezing, or touching something contaminated then touching nose or eyes. How would you protect against MERS?

Frequent hand washing and use of gloves gowns eye pro, and N95 respirator

What is the Ryan White CARE act ?

establishes procedures in which emergency response workers may find out if they have been exposed to life threatening infectious diseases