Covalent Bonding

Why do atoms bond?

To fill their 8 valence electrons requirement to achieve stability.

What is a covalent bond?

A bond that occurs when electrons are shared between atoms.

How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond?

Covalent bonds share electrons, while ionic bonds transfer electrons but keep atoms apart.

What types of atoms are involved in a covalent bond?

Only non-metal atoms.

What is a molecule?

Formed when 2 or more atoms bond covalently.

Give an example of a molecule.

Proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, synthetic fibers (wool, cotton).

What is a diatomic molecule?

Two atoms that can fill their octet by bonding with another atom of the same element.

Name the seven diatomic molecules.

H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I.

What are single covalent bonds also known as?

Sigma bonds.

When do single covalent bonds occur?

When one pair of electrons is shared.

How many electrons does Group 7A want to share?

One electron, leading to one covalent bond.

How many electrons does Group 6A want to share?

Two electrons, leading to two covalent bonds.

What are multiple covalent bonds?

When two atoms share more than one pair of valence electrons.

What is a double bond?

A bond where 4 electrons total are shared between two atoms.

What is a triple bond?

A bond where 6 electrons total are shared between two atoms.

Which elements often form multiple covalent bonds?

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

What are the general rules for naming covalent compounds?

The first element is named first and in full, the second uses root + '-ide', and prefixes indicate quantity.

When is the prefix 'mono' not used?

When there is only one of the first element.

What is the prefix for 1?

Mono.

What is the prefix for 2?

Di.

What is the prefix for 3?

Tri.

What is the prefix for 4?

Tetra.

What is the prefix for 5?

Penta.

What is the prefix for 6?

Hexa.

What is the prefix for 7?

Hepta.

What is the prefix for 8?

Octa.

What is the prefix for 9?

Nona.

What is the prefix for 10?

Deca.