PNJA READING QUIZ 2 25.05.2026

aggression

behavior intended to harm or intimidate others, violent and hostile

authority

the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

benign

adjective; not harmful, being gentle

bully

seek to harm, intimidate, or coerce (someone perceived as vulnerable)

command

give an authoritative or peremptory order

consent

permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

conquer

overcome and take control of (a place or people) by military force

dictator

a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force

dominate

have a commanding influence on; exercise control over

eliminate

completely remove or get rid of (something)

enforce

compel observance of or compliance with (a law, rule, or obligation)

entitled

believing oneself to be inherently deserving of privileges or special treatment

exempt

free from an obligation or liability imposed on others

former

having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing

impose

force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place

inferior

lower in rank, status, or quality

intimidate

frighten or overawe (someone), especially in order to make them do what one wants

label

assign to a category, especially inaccurately or restrictively

liberate

set (someone) free from a situation, especially imprisonment or slavery

mainstream

the ideas, attitudes, or activities that are regarded as normal or conventional

master

acquire complete knowledge or skill in (an accomplishment, technique, or art)

minister

a head of a government department

monarch

a sovereign head of state, especially a king, queen, or emperor

prohibit

formally forbid (something) by law, rule, or other authority

reign

hold royal office; rule as monarch

reinforce

strengthen or support (an object or substance), especially with additional material

reluctant

unwilling and hesitant; disinclined

resist

withstand the action or effect of

restrict

put a limit on; keep under control

society

the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

subject

a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with

subjective

based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions

submit

accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority of another person

summon

authoritatively or urgently call on (someone) to be present

superior

higher in rank, status, or quality

undermine

lessen the effectiveness, power, or ability of, especially gradually

unrest

a state of dissatisfaction, disturbance, and agitation in a group of people

victimise

single (someone) out for cruel or unjust treatment

vulnerable

exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed

abolish

formally put an end to (a system, practice, or institution)

advocate

publicly recommend or support

alleviate

make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe

bureaucracy

a system of government in which most important decisions are made by state officials

charity

an organization set up to provide help and raise money for those in need

class

a set or category of things/people having some property or attribute in common

community

a group of people living in the same place or having a characteristic in common

convict

declare (someone) to be guilty of a criminal offence in a court of law

corruption

dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery

deterrent

a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something

heritage

property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance/tradition

immigration

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

industrial action

action, such as a strike, taken by workers in protest

institution

an organization or establishment devoted to a particular cause

legislation

laws, considered collectively

prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

prision reform

the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons

privileged

having special rights, advantages, or immunities

prosecute

institute legal proceedings against (a person or organization)

state

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community

back down

stop asking for something or stop saying that you will do something because people oppose you

blend in

be similar to other people/objects around so you are not noticed.

bring about

make something happen, especially cause changes

crack down on

start dealing with someone or something much more strictly

get in

be elected for sth

get off

not be punished severely (or at all) for something; have a holiday; send something

give in

stop competing/arguing and accept you cannot win; stop controlling a feeling/desire

hit back

criticise or hurt someone who has criticised/hurt you

lock up

put someone in prison; lock all doors and windows

opt out of

decide not to take part in something

phase out

gradually stop using something

push around

keep telling someone what to do in an unfair way

single out

choose one person from a group for special attention

stand up to

not allow yourself to be treated badly, especially by authority

take over

take control of something; begin to do what someone else was doing

talk down to

talk to someone as if they are less clever/important than you

bury your head in the sand

ignore a problem and hope it will disappear (idiom)

gain/get/have/take the upper hand

gain/get control or advantage over a situation (idiom)

get/have your way

be allowed to have or do what you want (idiom)

live and let live

accept other people's beliefs even if they are different from yours (idiom)

pull a few strings

use influence (often unfairly) to get what you want (idiom)

red tape

documents, rules, or processes that cause delays (idiom)

take the law into your own hands

punish someone yourself without involving the police (idiom)

the powers that be

the people who control a situation (idiom)

throw the book at sb

punish someone very severely (idiom)

under sb’s thumb

completely controlled by someone else (idiom)

blow up

to explode, or to cause something to explode (e.g., with a bomb). It also means to fill something with air (like a balloon)

chain up

to fasten or confine someone or something using a chain

do up

fasten something (like a coat or buttons); also means to repair or decorate a building/room to make it look better

mess sth up

o make a mistake or do something badly; to make something dirty or untidy

sew up

to join or repair pieces of cloth or a wound using a needle and thread; also means to successfully complete an agreement or a deal

tape up

to cover, fasten, or support something using adhesive tape

tie sb up

to fasten someone's arms and legs with rope or string so they cannot move

zip up

to fasten something using a zipper