1. GEO Exam Review. OG copy

GEO EXAM PREP.

Comprehensive Review

UNIT 1 - Geographic Literature

Unit 1

Biome #1: Tundra Animals & Plants

Bears, caribou, Arctic foxes & moses, dwarf shrube

Biome #1: Tundra Climate & Landforms

Dry, cold, windy & tiny hills, valleys, slopes

Biome #2: Tropical Rainforest Climate & Landforms

Hot, humid, wet & mountain ranges, valley rivers

Biome #2: Tropical Rainforest Plants

Orchids, cacao & rubber trees

Geo Job Hydrologist: Skills, Education, Salary

Hydrologist

Bachelor's (undergrad) in course with a hydrology focus

resource management, data collection

Data collection, resource management

$82,000 to over $145,000.

Geo Job Air Pollution Analyst: Skills, Education, Salary

Air Pollution Analyst

Bachelor's (undergrad) in environmental science, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology, or a related field

Ability to conduct and analyse field research

$73,200

UNIT 2 - Food and Farming

Unit 2

1. Food Terms

20ish terms (30 given)

GOAL: Loose understanding of most

Agriculture

Basically Farming:

Science, art, and practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock to provide food, fibre, and other products

Agribusiness

Business associated with agriculture: "commercial principles, especially using advanced technology"

GMOs

Genetically Modified Organisms: A plant, animal or microorganism that has been subjected to biotechnology

Cloning

Genetically identical copies of plants or animals that have desirable traits

Factory Farming/CAFOs

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: A large number of animals are raised in confined, indoor spaces to maximise production at a minimal cost

Feedlot

Intensive farming (common for cows), where animals are confined in pens and fed high-energy grain diets to maximise growth before slaughter

Food Security

Ensuring everyone has reliable, affordable, and consistent access to enough safe, nutritious food to live a healthy life

Food Aid

(International) donation of food or cash to help hungry people

Mechanisation

Using machines and tools to replace or assist human and animal labour in farming tasks

Organic Farming

Environmentally sustainable and safe method of farming:

- Avoids chemicals

-Focuses on: building healthy soil, protecting biodiversity, and raising healthy livestock

Selective Breeding

Farmers' intentional choice of crops/livestock with specific desired traits and breeding them together

Ex. Faster growth, higher yield, or disease resistance

Sustainable Farming

Type of farming which produces food while:

- Protecting the environment

- Supporting farming communities

- Staying profitable

Cash Crop

Type of farming in which:

- A large quantity of cros/livestock is produced

- 5-10 thousand acresp

- Crops are mainly corn, wheat, canola and feedlot

Fair Trade

Systems ensuring that farmers in developing countries get a fair deal for their products

Climate Change

Long-term shifts in weather patterns -> Alters climate properties like:

- Changing precipitation (rainfall) levels

- Temperatures

Irrigation

Artificial process of watering crops or land to help plants grow

Malnutrition

Situation where farming systems and food supplies fail to provide enough essential nutrients = Unhealthy people

Shelter Belt

Row of trees or shrubs planted on the edge of a farm field as a wind barrier

Surplus

Excess/Leftover Food: Farmers produce more food or crops than they actually need to consume or sell

Yield

Amount of crop harvested from a specific area of land

2. Monsanto & Inflation

Monsanto's Reason for Suing Farmers

Patent infringement: Farmers who "seed-save"

Cause of Food Cost Inflation

- Increased tariffs

- Climate Change and Weather

- Meat

3. Food Items Grown in MB (6)

- Canola

- Wheat

- Potatoes

- Soybeans

- Sunflowers

- Dry beans

--> Can Whitney Pick Slip & Slide Days

4. Inputs (4) natural

1. Precipitation

2. Climate/Growing Days

3. Nutrients in Soil

4. Sunlight

--> Pam Continues Growing Daisies, Never She Stops

Human Intervention

Irrigation

6. Food Issues (Food Inc.) -> 3 issues

1. Selective breeding: Raise animals for specific characteristics -> Most amount of food, least amount of land and money

2. Unsanitary Farming: Fatal bacteria like E.Coli in food, abusive to animals AND workers

3. Monsanto Patent: Farms lose mass amounts of money in suing (seed saving), controls farmers -> unable to speak out

7. Seed to Supermarket (6 steps, from project)

1. Grown on farms across Canada except Yukon

2. Hand-picked (delicate fruit)

3. Delivered to factory in bulk, refrigerated trucks

4. Berries are sorted for damage or unripe and washed

5. Mashed in large pot -> pulp

6. Piping hot jam is put in jars & sealed instantly (sanitary)

UNIT 3 - Natural Resources (Mining, Water, Forest, & Energy)

Unit 3

1st: Forest

-forests-

1) Countries with MORE forests than Canada

Russia (8,196,000 km squared), & Brazil (5,022,080 km squared)

2) Characteristics of Commercial Forests (2)

- Located in warmer, wetter climate

---> Grow larger quicker

- Near roads, railways, and waterways

---> Easier to transport

2.5) Characteristics of Non-Commercial Forests (2)

- Located in Northern fringes (of Canada)

---> Temp. and precip. too low to sustain growth of (many) trees

- Too far from Canadian/Export markets

---> Timber transport = NOT economical

3) "Clear-Cutting' Definition & 3 Issues

Loggers remove all trees in an area

---> Leaves EMPTY space

---> Creates weaker soil = filled river bed = kills aquatic wildlife

---> Removes forest canopy = Temp. changes

4) 'Old Forest Growth' Definition & Amount left (fraction)

- Forests which have never been logged (cut down)

- Contains very large trees

- Very important environmentally

1/3 left GLOBALLY

4.5) 'Old Forest Growth' Reasons of Importance

- Lower Co2 emissions

- Combat climate change

- Promote biodiversity

5) 'Shelter Wood Logging' Definition

"Clear-cutting" a section of old growth forest

6) "Obvious" Threats to Canada's timber (3)

Acid Precipitation

Damage from Insect Pests

Forest Fire

---> Ants Put - Danny In Professional - Food Fights

2nd: Water

-water-

Hydrological Cycle

3/4 of the world's surface is covered in water follows the cycle:

- evaporation/transpiration (water vapor creation)

- condensation (cloud formation)

- precipitation (water falling to Earth)

- runoff/infiltration (return to water bodies)

--> Everest Took Climbing Peaks Really Intensely

Run-Off (Definition)

Water the comes off of land through rivers and lakes into oceans

Groundwater (Definition)

Water is soaks deep into the Earth (rock, soil, etc.)

Wetlands (Definition & Describe)

& Percentage of Canada's area covered by Wetlands

Area of land saturated with water, soils have low-oxygen (anaerobic).

13% (or about 1.25 to 1.29 million km squared)

Importance of Wetlands

1. Sources of Groundwater

2. Storage areas for flood waters (sponge for floods)

Drainage Basins (Definition)

An entire area of land drained by rivers (etc.) which ends up in ONE body of water (ocean).

Watershed (Definition)

An area of higher land, separating drainage basins

Dams (how works, solution to discharge rate issues)

Discharge Rate Issues: Flooding during wet seasons, lack of water in dry seasons

Functions: Acts as barrier holding back water (lets some through, but regulated)

Solution to Issues: Limits flooding by storing water from drainage basins. Provides stable water flow in dry seasons

**Can generate hydroelectricity and direct water elsewhere

3 Main Types of Water Pollution & Why 1 is the Least Harmful

Physical

Biolpgocal

Chemical

--> Pandas Bought Children

Physical: Easier to clean and take care of

Biological Contamination (Definition & Origin)

Define: Bacteria & Viruses that enter lakes and rivers

Origin: Sewage

Chemical Pollution (Reason for Biggest Threat to Water Resources)

Cannot see or taste but can fatal

3rd: Mining

-mining-

3 minerals types (names & examples)

Metallic Minerals (NIC):

- Nickel

- Iron

- Copper

Fossile Fuels:

- Coal

- Oil

- Natural Gas

—> Corrina Owns No Game

Industrial Minerals:

- Salt

- Sand

- Gravel

—> Super Silly Goose

Asbestos (Definition & Harm)

Define: Fibrous silicate minerals (Insulation)

Purpose: Heat protection

Harm: Increases cancer risk (causes cancer)

Mining Types

Strip Mining:

- Horizontal, near surface, explosives

Open Pit Mining:

- Hole, surface and deep, explosives

Underground Mining:

- Deep layers, tunnels, drills

--> Sally Opens Underwear

Mineral Type 1 (NIC)

Metallic Minerals (NIC):

- Nickel

- Iron

- Copper

Mineral Type 2 (Corrina Owns No Games)

Fossile Fuels:

- Coal

- Oil

- Natural Gas

—> Corrina Owns No Game

Mineral Type 3 (Super Silly Goose)

Industrial Minerals:

- Salt

- Sand

- Gravel

—> Super Silly Goose

Mining Type 1

Strip Mining:

- Extracts (horizontal) layers near surface

- Removes ALL Overburden

- Explosives (dynamite)

--> Egg Recreate Omelettes Efficiently

Mining Type 2

Open Pit Mining:

--> Hole, Deep, Drilled, Explosives

- Materials extract from hole

- Surface & DEEPER

- Drilled (downwards/into Earth) & fill w/ explosives

--> How Do Dinos Explode

Mining Type 3

Underground Mining:

- Deep Layers

- Tunnels

- Drills Extract

--> Don't Let Toucans Debrief Elephants

Environmental Concerns of Mining

Water & Air pollution

- Millions of tons of waste produced

- Tailing Ponds/Greenhouse gas

Habit destruction

Mining Disaster

Mount Polley Tailings Pond Collapse (2014)

Who: Imperial Metals & Power Ltd, BC Government

What: A tailings dam failure at the Mount Polley Mine

Where: Polley Lake, Hazeltine Creek and Quesnel Lake, B.C.

When: August 4, 2014.

Why/How: Mistake in engineering -> Structural insufficiency, glacial silt underneath the tailings containment pond

UNIT 4 - Industry and Trade

Unit 4

Term (def. & ex.): Imports

Goods or services created in one country brought into the domestic market of another (country)

- Electronics from China or Japan into Canada

Term (def. & ex.): Exports

Goods or services developed/processed in one country are sold/transported to another country.

- Canola oil from Canada into the United States

Term (def. & ex.): Trade Surplus

When a country sells more goods and services to other countries (exports) than it receives from them (imports)

--> export > import

- Canada and the United States

Term (def. & ex.): Trade deficit

When a country buys more goods and services from other countries (imports) than it sells them

(exports), it causes a "negative balance" of trade.

---> import > export

- Canada with China

Term (def. & ex.): Net imports

The value of the difference between the total value of goods and services a country purchases

from foreign countries (imports) and the value it sells to them (exports).

---> imports value - exports

- Importing more oil, automobiles, and consumer electronics than it exports

Term (def. & ex.): Net exports

The difference between a country's total exports and imports over a designated period.

- Exporting more oil, automobiles, and consumer electronics than it imports

Term (def. & ex.): Tariff

A form of tax placed by a government on goods and services imported from another country.

- United States puts a tariff on oil from Canada (in theroy)

Term (def. & ex.): Import substitution

An economic strategy consisting of a country producing more goods locally (instead of

importing them) to reduce foreign dependency, thus increasing industrialisation.

---> buy more local

- Canada producing more berries

Term (def. & ex.): Protectionism

A government policy that restricts imports in pursuit of shielding local businesses and workers

from foreign competition. *repeatedly proven ineffective and harmful in long-term settings

- Trump's actions in 2026

Term (def. & ex.): Free trade

A trade policy which does not restrict imports or exports.

- Previous system used by Canada, the (not-so-) United States, and Mexico

*****Term (def. & ex.): NAFTA

Standing for the North American Free Trade Agreement, is an agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to allow free trade amongst the three major countries.

- Specific previous system used by Canada, the (not-so-)United States, and Mexico

*****Term (def. & ex.): CUSMA

Standing for the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement, is a free trade deal amongst the

United States, Canada, and Mexico. (Replaced NAFTA)

- NEWER specific previous system used by Canada, the (not-so-) United States, and

Mexico

All 4 Industries

Primary - Raw materials (farm)

Secondary - Raw processed into product (manufacturing)

Tertiary - Service sector (grocery store)

Quatemary - Intellectual/Info services (software development)

---> Prince Samual Twirlled Quietly

Industry 1

Primary Industry:

Extracts raw materials from the natural enviornment

- Farming, mining

Industry 2

Secondary Industry:

Involves processing of primary industry products INTO finished goods most important sector is manufacturing

- Manufacturing, construction

Industry 3

Tertiary Industry:

Services that support primary and secondary industries -> "service sector" (for consumers)

- Grocery store!

Industry 4

Quatemary Industry:

Processing of ideas rather than products -> intellectual industries providing information services

- Research, software development

Location Factors

Raw Materials

Transportation

Fresh Water & Power

---> Rain Made Two Flowers With Petals

Location Factor 1 - Raw Materials

Some industries MUST be near raw materials (essential)

- Forest/Lumber Industry -> Near FOREST

Location Factor 2 - Transportation

Factors are often built near railways, highways, airports, etc., to move goods between places (back/forth)

- Major port cities like Vancouver (overseas shipping)

Location Factor 3 - Fresh Water & Power

Consistent, affordable access to water & electricity is crucial to operate machinery

---> Hydro-Electric Generators (dams)

Percieved Adolescence

Psychological drive to replace a perfectly functional product simply because it is deemed unfashionable or "outdated"

---> Fashion/Trendy Houseware

Planned Adolescence

Business strategy where manufacturers deliberately design products to have a limited lifespan, they are "planned" to break, so you will/have to buy more

---> Fast Fashion Products (Shein, Temu)

Indigenous Business (1. name, location, origin, products)

Anishinaabe Girl Boutique

Location:

- Winnipeg, Manitoba (off-reserve)

Origin:

- Shauna Fontaine

-Urban citizen of Sagkeeng First Nation

- Interest in Indigenous practices of beading and crafts --> opened a store to create space for herself and other local, Indigenous small businesses/artists to sell their art/creations

Products/Services provided:

- Wearable artistry (jewellery)

- Housewares/bath and body products (candles, soap)

- ALL made w/ Indigenous teachings and practices at their core, by local Indigenous artists

Indigenous Business (2. marketing, employment, impact)

Marketing:

- Social media

- Participation in local markets/events

Employment:

- Average retail positions (cashier/store manager)

- Entrepreneur opportunities and mentorship for other local Indigenous artists

Impact on Local Community:

- Indigenous artists/small businesses have space to sell their art

- Accepting, accessible, and established Indigenous art setting

Partner & 2 Products (1.)

Afghanistan:

(Import) Carpets (fine animal hair or wool)

(Export) Airplane Parts

Partner & 2 Products (2.)

Italy:

(Import) Grape Wines

(Export) Wheat