Earth and Space - Test 3 (1/2)

Atmospheric moisture - Water vapor

Gaseous water molecules that have evaporated from a body of water

Water vapor: Evaporation

Water molecules escaping below the boiling point
air bisa lbih tinggi dari kelas karena water has strong cohesion bond.
evaporation will occur where there is water, water will evaporate when it has enough energy

Atmospheric moisture - Humidity

The moisture content of the air measuring the amount of water vapor

Humidity: Hot air …

Expands (less dense), rises, and can hold more water
less dense = more space between molecules, hot air expands and causes more space to hold water

Humidity: Cold air …

Contracts (more dense), sinks, and holds less water
contracts = dense air will sink, air has less space for water vapor

Atmospheric moisture - Saturated air

Air that can hold no more water vapor (100% humidity)

Atmospheric moisture - Absolute humidity

Actual density of water vapor

Atmospheric moisture - Relative humidity

A percentage describing how close the air is to being saturated
kyk on the water app
- Absolute humidity divided by the humidity of saturated air

Atmospheric moisture - Dew point

The temperature at which the relative humidity of the air becomes 100% and is saturated.
equal or lower water in the air. contoh: Kacamata berembun hbis dari ruangan dingin keluar trs panas dikuar

formation of clouds is through the process of …

adiabatic cooling
air volume expands → decreasing temperature → dew point → water crystal

Formation of a cloud

• Adiabatic cooling to saturation point (dew point)
  volume (air molecules) expansion when there is rapid decreasing air pressure

• Formation of ice crystals of water droplets

Features that produce clouds

• Warm air rising over a land barrier

• Convection: Warmed land heats air masses above, causing them to expand and rise

• Warm air being forced over a cold air mass
  when cold and warm air meets, warm air will rise and cold air will sink
  warm air is used upwards because less dense

Features that produce clouds: Convection

Warmed land heats air masses above, causing them to expand and rise

Types of clouds

1. Cirrus clouds

2. Stratus clouds

3. Cumulus clouds

4. Cumulonimbus clouds

5. Cirrocumulus

6. Altocumulus

7. Nimbostratus

Cirrus clouds

Ice crystals at high altitudes

cirrus = think high altitude, wispy

Stratus clouds

Broad, flat layers

stratus = think flat, low

Cumulus clouds

Dense, rising clouds with puffy tops
kalo has lots of moisture, clouds are darker in color because the light cant pass

Cumulonimbus clouds

Produce heavy rain, wind, thunder, hail, and tornadoes

nimbo / nimbus = produces precipitation

Cirrocumulus

High-altitude "mackerel sky"

like scales of fish, forms when cold but dryer than Altocumulus

Altocumulus

Mid-level cumulus clouds shaped in rounded clumps

larger, puffy

Alto = mid-level / a little bit higher than usual

Nimbostratus

Low, thick clouds with prolonged rain

rain producing, lower

Propitiation and other forms of water

1. Fog

2. Rain

3. Snow

4. Fleet

5. Hail

Fog

Large volumes of moist air come in contact with cold land or water

Rain

Abundant condensation forms droplets that collide and fall

updraft makes heavy rain

Snow

Water vapor in cold condition forms ice crystals

Sleet

Raindrops that have frozen on the way of the ground

freezing rain, translucent

Hail

Large concentric, ice globules that form in thunderstorm

destructive

Study of weather is called …

meteorology

Weather

The temperature, humidity, air pressure, cloudiness, and rainfall/snowfall at any given time

Climate

Summary of weather conditions over a period of years

basic cause of all weather is …

the sun

Atmospheric energy - Insolation

• Incoming solar radiation

• Solar energy hitting the earth atmosphere
  infrared radiation is trapped and absorbed
  infrared can be absorbed, visible light can be seen

Greenhouse effect

• Trapping of insolation (I.R.) in the lower atmosphere

• Accomplished by water vapor and carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas)

Factors governing air temperature

1. Equator vs poles

2. Elevation

3. Cloud cover

4. Bodies of water

Equator vs poles

Different sunlight received on different parts of the earth

kyk flashlight

Elevation

Higher in troposphere, the temperature decreases / colder than sea level

Cloud cover

Cloud will reflect sunlight during the day so areas under the cloud will be cooler at day. At night the cloud absorbs the infrared, so the area is warmer under it. At night, desert is colder because of the lack of moisture = no clouds = cold

Bodies of water

Land hearts up faster than water in the day. At night, the land cools much quicker compared to the water.

Heat transfer

• Hot air is constantly expanding and rising upward

• Surrounding cooler air rushed to fill the gap

the seasons are caused because of …

the earth’s tilt

bukan closeness to the sun

Solstices

• Days when daylight is at its longest or shortest

• June 21 and December 22 (summer and winter solstice)

• Days when there is the greatest imbalance of insolation

Equinoxes

equal nights

• Days of equal daylight an night

• March 21 and September 22

• Equal amounts of insolation between hemispheres
  the tilt of the earth does not matter

Wind

Horizontal movements of air in response to convection

Convection currents: Hot air rises producing …

low pressure

Convection currents: Cool air sinks producing …

high pressure

Wind rush from … to fill the … left by …

Wind rush from high pressure to fill the voids left by low pressure

air zooka

Coriolis effect

The bending of air currents as the earth turns around them

Air masses

Large bodies of air that have consistent weather conditions

2 types of air masses

1. Cyclone

2. Anticyclone

Cyclone

A low-pressure air mass flowing inward rotating counterclockwise

counter clockwise, causes storms

Anticyclone

A high-pressure air mass flowing outward rotating clockwise

clockwise, causes nice and pleasant weather. starts cool, then warm up on the surface of the earth

Mp

Maritime polar: Moist and cold

cP

Continental polar: Dry and cold

mT

Maritime tropical: Moist and warm

cT

Continental tropical: Dry and warm

Table 19.1 Classification of Air Masses

Fronts

Boundaries between air masses

Polar front

Boundary between cold polar air and warmer surroundings

Warm front

Warm air mass is replacing a cold air mass

leads to stormy weather. warm air pushes/rises = causes change in weather/precipitation

Cold front

Cold air mass is replacing a warm air mass

Occluded front

Cold front overtaking a warm front, forcing warm air upwards

most complicated

How thunderstorms work

1. Unstable atmosphere

2. Lifting mechanism

Thunderstorms: Unstable atmosphere

• Ambient atmosphere cools faster than a rising air mass

• Allows an air mass to rise without stalling

Thunderstorms: Lifting mechanism

• Convectional lifting

• Frontal lifting

• Orographic lifting

Thunderstorms: Frontal lifting

Warmer air masses rises over a cooler air mass

Thunderstorms: Orographic lifting

Air flowing up a steep land surface

Air-mass thunderstorms are also called …

Single cell thunderstorms

Air-mass thunderstorms

Local thunderstorms that form over hot spots

Phases of formation of an air-mass thunderstorm

• Early stage

• Mature stage

• Dissipating stage

Early stage - air-mass thunderstorm formation

Rising cumulus clouds

Mature stage - air-mass thunderstorm formation

Indicated by rain, cumulonimbus clouds, updrafts and downdrafts

Dissipating stage - air-mass thunderstorm formation

Falling clouds, downdrafts continue

downdrafts karena air brings cloud downwards

Conditions of severe thunderstorms

on of the three, ga harus all three

1. Winds exceed 50 kms (knots) or 58 mph

2. Hail 1 inch in diameter

3. Tornado

Example of a severe thunderstorm

Super-cell thunderstorm

Super-cell thunderstorm

• Large, rotating thunderstorm

• Massive low-pressure are with wind sheer rotation

• Mesocyclone: rotation within the thunderstorm

• Produces winds, hail, and tornados

Mesocyclone

Rotation within the thunderstorm

Lightning

An intense discharge of electricity in the atmosphere

in the winter there is more water (great electricity conductor), which makes it often shock people.

voltage is not the problem, but it is the current that’s dangerous.

which is more dangerous: voltage or current

current

Thunder

Sound of the atmosphere shockwave

all lightning will create sound

… charges will accumulate at the bottom of the cloud

Negative

top will lose charges

… charges accumulate at the top

Positive

… charges first move down from the cloud as a step leader

Negative charges first move down from the cloud as a step leader

… return stroke follows up the path of the step leader from the ground

Positive return stroke follows up the path of the step leader from the ground

Conduction

The movement of electric charges by direct touch

Induction

The process of creating an electric charge over a distance

Tornados starts with …

the mesocyclone of the super-cell thunderstorm

counterclockwise rotation

Tornados: wall cloud forming

Strong updrafts create rapid condensation at lower altitudes, forming a wall cloud

A tornado will emerge as …

the wall cloud spics faster and the updrafts tightens the rotation (vortex stretching)

death from tornado is mostly because of

debris

which is stronger: tornadoes or hurricanes

tornados

because of the rotation and radius. when the radius is smaller, the velocity or speed goes up

L = mvr (radius, velocity, radius)

hurricanes are also called

typhoons or cyclones

Hurricanes

• Tropical cyclones

• Surges

Hurricanes - Tropical cyclones

Massive, rotating tropical airmasses

tropical bc need a certain warmth, water at least 80F

Hurricanes - Surges

Temporary rises in sea level due to low pressure and winds

warm air rises = low pressure

which rotates: tropical disturbance or tropical depression

tropical depression

Tropical disturbance

A cluster of thunderstorms over the tropics

Tropical depression

• Circulating tropical disturbance (rotates)

• Has become a tropical cyclone

Tropical storm

Tropical cyclone with a minimum of 39 mph winds

Hurricane wind speed

Equal to greater than 74 mph

Hurricanes are typically indicated by …

the formation of an eye