🪴 Intro to Organic Chemistry

What is a molecular formula?

It gives the exact number of molecules in a compound

E,g $C_3H_8$

What are structural formulas?

A formula that shows compounds atom by atom and contains functional groups

E,g. $C_{}H_3CH_2CH_3$

What is a displayed formula?

A formula that shows all the bonds between atoms.

E.g,

What is an empirical formula?

It gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

E.g, $C_4H_8$ Is $CH_2$

What is a skeletal formula?

A skeletal only shows carbons and any functional groups

What is functional group of alkenes?

C-C

$$C_{n}H_{2n+2}$$

What is functional group of halogenoalkanes?

C-X

What is functional group of cycloalkanes?

$$C_{n}H_{2n}$$

The carbons connect in a cyclical manner

What is functional group of alkenes?

C=C

$$C_{n}H_{2n}$$

What is functional group of alcohols?

C-OH

$$C_{n}H_{2n+1}OH$$

What is functional group of aldehydes?

C=O (In between carbon and hydrogen)

$$C_{n}H_{2n}O$$

What is functional group of ketones?

C=O (in between two carbons)

$$C_{n}H_{2n}O$$

What is functional group of carboxylic acids?

=O

C-OH

$$C_{n}H_{2n}O$$

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

Unsaturated as only bonded to 3 other atoms

What is the priority of functional groups when naming?

1. Other

2. Alkenes

3. Alkyl groups

4. Halogens

What is a mechanism?

Mechanisms break down reactions into stage using curly arrows (the beginning of arrow show lone pair of electrons and arrow head showing new bond formed)

What are the three types of structural isomers?

1. Chain

2. Position

3. Functional group

What is definition of structural isomers?

They have the some molecular formula but different structural formula

What is a chain isomer?

Same molecular formula but different arrangement of carbon skeleton

What is a position isomer?

Same molecular formula and skeletal formula but atoms/groups are attached to different carbons

What is a functional group isomer?

Same molecular formula but different function groups

Definition of stereoisomers?

Steroisomers have same structure formula but different arrangement of atoms in space (usually do to restricted rotation around C=C bond)

How to name stereoisomers?

E- Different sides

Z- Same sides