FSHN 2650: Energy Balance & Weight Regulation

FSHN 2650

How can one maintain weight?

• Energy-gap reduction

• High physical activity

• Smaller more frequent meals

Sibutramine

Suppresses appetite

Orlistat

inhibits fat absorption

Bariatric surgery

gastric bypass surgery (GBS)

Consequences of GBS

GI issues and bad microbiome

GBS can eliminate ____ & ____

diabetes, hypertension

GBS post-surgery supplements:

1. Vitamin B12

2. Vitamin C

3. Iron

4. Calcium

What type of diet are people on after GBS?

Protein shakes then small amounts of food later on.

How can people gain weight back after GBS, even if they’re only allowed liquids/small portions?

High consumption of sugary drinks like pop

Gastric banding is less ___ and the least ____.

invasive, sustainable

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Amount of energy spent to meet the body’s basic physiological needs.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Amount of energy used when the body is at rest

Which is easier to measure: BMR or RMR?

RMR because BMR must be done in a lab

Overweight

BMI of 25-29.9

Obese

a disease; BMI of 30-39.9

The health concerns with being obese are increased risk of ___ ___, ___, gallstones, ___, ___ ___, & ___ ___.

heart disease, hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, sleep apnea, and reproductive problems

The gold standard of measuring body composition (as far as accuracy and precision)

DEXA

Why would the tricep and skin fold measurement still be used if they’re less accurate

Cost-efficient

Bod Pod

air displacement to measure body comp

BMI

Uses height and weight to determine health status

Hydrostatic

Water displacement to measure body comp

Hyperplastic adipocyte growth

increase in # of adipocytes

Satiety is triggered by the ____ ____.

ventromedial nucleus

T/F: Adiponectin is increased in lean individuals

True

CCK and peptide YY are secreted by the ___ ___ and stimulate ___.

small intestine, satiety

Where is leptin produced?

Adipose tissue

Leptin regulates:

amount of fat stored

Leptin decreases with ___ ___ and intake of certain ___ and ___.

weight loss, vitamins, minerals

What macronutrient promotes satiety and reduces food intake?

Protein

Hunger is controlled by the ___ ___.

Lateral hypothalamus

What happens when there’s a drop in leptin?

Adipose tissue shrinks and stimulates hunger

Hypertrophy:

Growth/expanding of a singular adipocyte

As you age, what happens to hyperplasia?

Decreases

Sherman Technique

Exhaustive exercise 7 days prior then carb load for next 6 days

What are the 3 characteristics of successful weight loss?

1. Lifestyle changes

2. Balanced diet

3. Exercise

Hunger

physical sensation with need or intense desire to eat food

Satiety

feeling of “fullness”

Ghrelin is secreted by the ___.

stomach

An increased production of ghrelin tells the hypothalamus the body needs ___.

energy

___ ___ have higher ghrelin levels.

Lean individuals

Ghrelin stimulates ___ during fasting or on a low kcal diet.

hunger

Neuropeptide Y is produced in the ___.

hypothalamus

Neuropeptide Y is activated by ___.

ghrelin

Neuropeptide Y stimulates ___ and ___ activity.

hunger, LPL

Gynoid obesity

High LPL and excess fat around thighs and buttocks (women)

Central obesity

High LPL and excess visceral fat in abdomen

What are the dietary guidelines for physical activity?

2100 kcal - women

2700 kcal - men

Aerobic exercise: 30 min 5x/week

Maintenance of body weight

Adiponectin’s role

• Maintains insulin sensitivity

• Helps with metabolism

• Increased fatty acid metabolism

Maintenance of body weight

Leptin’s role

• Satiety

• Increasing fat & appetite suppression

Set point theory

Proposes the body has a predetermined weight range it tries to maintain

Concerns of low carb diet:

• cardiovascular - elevation of LDL

• kidney stones

• liver disorders

• constipation and bloating - lack of fiber

• mental and physical fatigue

• increased mortality risk

Female athlete triad

observed in physically active females, emphasizing leanness or low body weight

The female athlete triad components

1. Low energy from calorie restriction

2. Menstrual dysfunction

3. Decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis)