vertebral complex

In adult the vertebral complex is composed of how many?

26

In infants the vertebral complex is composed of how many?

33

The vertebral complex is divided into regions. What are they?

Cervical (7)

Thoracic(12)

Lumbar(5)

Sacral(5) but fused into 1

Coccygeal(4) but fused into. 1

Provides significant advantage & resist higher compressive loads as closed chain with both head & ground

Curvature

It is a one long curve, convex posteriorly

Fetal life

The curvature that has thoracic & sacral curves

Primary/ kyphotic curves

The curvature that has cervical and lumbar curves

Secondary/lordotic

In cervical curves in 2-3 months the child will?

Raises the head

In lumbar curves 10-12months the child will?

Can stand and walk

What are the 2 major parts of the vertebrae

Vertebral body and vertebral/ neural arch

Block of trabecular bone covered by a layer of cortical bone

Vertebral body

It resist compressive forces

It transmits compressive force to vertebral end plates

Vertebral body

Short, stout pillars with thick walls

Pedicles

Transmit bending forces from post. Elements to the vertebral body

Pedicles

The vertical plate that constitutes the lateral portion of the arch

Lamina

Transmit forces from the articular transverse & spinous processes

Lamina

What are the 5 parts of lamina

Pars interarticularis

Transverse process

Articular process

Spinous processes

Vertebral foramen

Two superior and inferior facets that articula the cranial and caudal vertebra

Articular process

in articular processes that forms a supportive column called

Articular pillar

Lateral projection of the bone that originate from laminae

Transverse process

Serves as muscle attachment & provide mechanical lever

Transverse processes

Most developed in lumbar spinae

Par interarticula

Posterior projection of bone that originates from central portion of lamina

Spinous Process

serve as bony block to motion

Spinous Process

Opening bordered by the posterior vertebral body and the neural arch

Vertebral Foramen

It is the largest and shape as triangular

Cervical

The smallest and circular

Thoracic

shape as triangular

Lumbar

If the two separates vertebral bodies what will happen?

Increase available motion

If it transmit to load from one vertebral body to the next it makes up to?

20%-33%

The thickness in cervical region is?

3 mm (lowest weight bearing)

The thickness in lumbar region is?

9 mm (greatest weight bearing)

The ratios between vertebral body height & disk thickness of the cervical?

2/5

The ratios between vertebral body height & disk thickness of the thoracic?

1/5

The ratios between vertebral body height & disk thickness of the lumbar?

1/3

Resist shear, compression, tensile and torsional forces.

Transmit forces to laminae.

Zygapophyseal facets

Resists compression forces to vertebral end plates and translates vertical compression forces into circumferential tensile forces in anulus fibrosus.

Nucleus pulposus

Resists tensile, torsional, and shear forces.

Anulus fibrosus

What are the 6 main ligaments (vertebral complex)

INTERSEGMENTAL

• Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

• Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

• Supraspinous ligament

INTRASEGMENTAL

Ligamentum Flavum

• Interspinous ligament

• Intertransverse ligament

It connects individual vertebrae

INTRASEGMENTAL

It connects many vertebrae

INTERSEGMENTAL

runs along the anterolateral portion of the vertebral bodies

Twice as strong a PLL

• Superficial (long) & Deep (short; AF, IVD, & Interbody joints) fiber

• Region: C2 to Sacrum; well developed in cervical, lower thoracic & lumbar (greatest strength) region

• Taut: Spinal extension

• Lax: Spinal flexion

ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT

Limits extension & reinforces anterolateral portion of the AF (Annulus Fibrosus) & IV joints (Intervertebral joint)

ALL

Limits extension of the C2 to occipital bone

Anterior atlantoaxial lig

Runs of the posterior aspect vertebral bodies and forms the anterior surface of the vertebral canal

Region: c2 to sacrum, BROAD in the cervical and thoracic regions and NARROW and in lumbar region

• Taut: spinal flexion (forward)

• Lax: spinal extension

Posterior longitudinal ligament

limits forward flexion and reinforces posterior portion of AF

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Limits forward flexion (C2 to occipital bone)

Tectorial membrane

aka the yellow ligament

Ligamentum flavum

Connect lamina to lamina

• Region: c2 (mid-cervical) to sacrum

• Thin, broad, and long and cervical and thoracic region and THICKEST in lumbar region

• Strongest: Lower thoracic

• Taut: Flexion (highest strain) & neutral position (highly elastic)

Ligamentum flavum

Limits forward flexion, particularly in lumbar area

Ligamentum flavum

limits flexion of atlas c1 & c2

Posterior Atlantoaxial ligament

Connects spinous processes of adjacent vertebra

• Consists of Type I collagen, proteoglycans & profuse elastic fibers

• Innervated: Medial branches of dorsal rami

• Region: Primarily in lumbar region where they are well developed

• Function: Limits forward flexion

Interspinous Ligament

• Strong cordlike structures that connects the tip of the spinous processes

• Taut: Spinal flexion

Lax: Spinal extension

• Function: Limits forward flexion

Supraspinous Ligament

Pass between the transverse process and attach to the deep muscles of the back

• Region: Primarily in lumbar region

Intertransverse Ligament

Limits contralateral flexion (Lax: Ipsilateral flexion)

Intertransverse Ligament

The zygapophyseal joint capsule is vulnerable to _______, especially on _______

Hyperflexion, lumbar region

Region: Strongest at cervicothoracic junction and in the thoracolumbar region

• Function: Limits forward flexion and axial rotation

Zygapophyseal (ZP) joint capsule

the vertebral motions kinematics

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion & rotation

the consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis

Coupling

Is determined by the size of the disc (amount of motion)

Interbody motions

determined primary by the orientation of the facets (direction)

Zygapophyseal Joints

Behave as ligamentous structures & acts a restraints to motion

Annulus Fibrosus (AF)

Acts like a pivot but is able to undergo greater distortion (fluid-like)

Nucleus Pulposus (NP)

The craniovertebral in upper cervical

Occiput,C1, &C2

What part is in the lower Cervical

C3b- C7

("Yes" joint)

• Two (2) concave superior ZP facets of Atlas articulate with two (2) convex occipital condyles of the skull

Atlanto-occipital joint

What joint is the Atlanto-occipital joint

True synovial joint

("No" joint)

• Pivot, synovial, trichoid joint

Atlantoaxial joint

What joint is the Atlantoaxial joint

Plane synovial joint

• Continuous of Ligamentum Flavum

• Permits greater ROM

Posterior AO & AA membranes

• Continuous of ALL

Anterior AO and AA membranes

• Continuous of PLL

• Broad strong membrane form post vertebral bodies of axis, dens to anterior rim of foramen magnum

Tectorial Membranes

• Continuous of Supraspinous ligament

• From spinous process of C7 to external occipital protuberance

Ligamentum Nuchae

Stretches across ring of atlas & divides ring to large posterior (spinal cord) section and small anterior space for dens

• Length is 21.9 mm

Transverse ligament

Other term for transverse lig

AKA. Atlantal Cruciform Ligamen

prevent displacement of C1 to C2

Transverse ligament

Arise from axis on either side of dens & external latero-superior to attach to medial side of occipital Condyles

Alar lig

Prevent distraction

Alar ligament

• Connects dens & the occipital bone

•"Fan-shaped" from apex to dens to anterior margin of foramen magnum of skull

Apical ligament