Ecology ch. 3&4 Test

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Last updated 5:01 PM on 5/25/26
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17 Terms

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3.1 Ecosystem Services & Ecosystem Products

Ecosystem Services

Benefits from nature:

  • food

  • water

  • clean air

  • recreation

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Succession

Primary Succession

  • starts with no soil

  • very slow

  • example: lava rock

Secondary Succession

  • soil already there

  • faster

  • example: after forest fire

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Biodiversity

Variety of living things.

Important because:

  • keeps ecosystems healthy

  • provides food & medicine

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At-Risk Species

  • Extinct = gone forever

  • Extirpated = gone from one area

  • Endangered = close to extinction

  • Threatened = may become endangered

  • Special Concern = needs protection

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Habitat Loss

Natural habitats destroyed by:

  • deforestation

  • cities

  • farming

  • pollution

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Habitat Fragmentation

Habitats broken into smaller pieces.

Problems:

  • animals separated

  • harder to survive

Best solution:

  • large connected habitats

  • wildlife corridors

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Invasive Species

Non-native species that cause harm.

Controls:

  • Mechanical = remove by hand/traps

  • Chemical = pesticides

  • Biological = natural predators

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Pollution

Acid Rain

Caused by burning fossil fuels.

Effects:

  • harms lakes/forests

Oil Spills

  • kill marine life

Plastic Pollution

  • animals eat plastic

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Forestry

Cutting/managing forests.

Sustainable forestry:

  • replant trees

  • selective logging

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Agroecosystems

Farming ecosystems.

Usually:

  • low biodiversity

  • need fertilizers/pesticides

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Fertilizers

Natural

  • compost/manure

  • safer for environment

Synthetic

  • fast plant growth

  • can pollute water

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Pesticides

Broad-spectrum

  • kills many organisms

Narrow-spectrum

  • targets specific pests

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Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification

Bioaccumulation

Toxins build up in one organism.

Biomagnification

Toxins increase up the food chain.

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Pesticide Resistance

Some pests survive pesticides and reproduce.

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Organic Farming

No synthetic chemicals

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Uses safest pest-control methods first.

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MOST IMPORTANT TO MEMORIZE

Topic

Key Idea

Primary succession

No soil

Secondary succession

Soil already there

Extinct

Gone forever

Extirpated

Gone locally

Bioaccumulation

Toxins in one organism

Biomagnification

Toxins increase in food chain

Broad-spectrum

Kills many species

Narrow-spectrum

Targets one pest