FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamins were formerly called ___ due to their presence in minute quantities.

accessory food factor

What is the last group of dietary compounds vital to life maintenance and growth to be discovered?

Vitamins

Who originated the word "vitamin" in 1912?

Casimir Funk

What disease was Casimir Funk trying to cure when he discovered "vitamins" in rice bran?

Beriberi

What does the root word "vita" mean in the term vitamin?

Necessary for life

What does the root word "amine" denote in the term vitamin?

That the factor contained nitrogen

True/False: Vitamins provide direct energy to the body.

False (They are indispensable in enzyme systems for energy utilization)

Are vitamins considered organic or inorganic compounds?

Organic compounds

Which classification of vitamins contains nitrogen in their chemical composition?

Water-soluble vitamins

Are vitamins considered macronutrients or micronutrients?

Micronutrients

True/False: Like hormones, vitamins perform specific functions in minute quantities but are manufactured by glands instead of ingested.

False (Vitamins must be ingested from the diet)

What term describes compounds that can be changed into active vitamins inside the body?

Precursors (or Provitamins)

___ and cryptoxanthin are precursors of Vitamin A.

Carotenes

Where in the human body is carotene converted into active Vitamin A?

Intestinal wall

When irradiated, the precursor ergosterol becomes Vitamin ___.

D

What is the precursor for Vitamin D found in the skin?

7-dehydrocholesterol

In what organ is Vitamin D converted to its final active form?

Kidney

What amino acid is converted to niacin with the help of enzyme systems?

Tryptophan

___ vitamins are naturally-occurring vitamins that are in their active form and ready for biological use.

Preformed

What condition results from a recognizable, severe lack of a vitamin in its later stage?

Avitaminosis

What specific deficiency disease is caused by Avitaminosis C?

Scurvy

What specific deficiency disease is caused by Avitaminosis B1?

Beriberi

What term refers to the condition resulting from the excessive accumulation and toxicity of a vitamin in the body?

Hypervitaminosis

The term vitamin ___ includes both avitaminosis (deficiency) and hypervitaminosis (toxicity).

malnutrition

What do you call substances that have physical roles like vitamins but are present in larger amounts and partially synthesized by the body?

Vitamin-like compounds

Name one example of a vitamin-like compound mentioned in the text.

Inositol / Lipoic acid / Ubiquinone (CoQ10) / Choline

Substances that interfere with the normal functioning of a vitamin are called ___.

Antivitamins (or vitamin antagonists)

What is the specific vitamin antagonist against vitamin K?

Dicumarol

What is the specific vitamin antagonist against biotin?

Avidin

What is the specific vitamin antagonist against thiamin (Vitamin B1)?

Thiaminase

What is the specific vitamin antagonist against Vitamin B6 found in linseed?

Linatin

What term refers to multiple forms of a single vitamin, such as its analogues or isomers?

Vitamers

How many total vitamins are currently considered dietary essentials for human nutrition?

15

Name the four fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

True/False: Water-soluble vitamins generally have precursors.

False

Which classification of vitamins is most likely to be destroyed by ordinary cooking methods?

Water-soluble vitamins

Which classification of vitamins can be stored in the body, meaning deficiencies are slow to develop?

Fat-soluble vitamins

Axerophtol and anti-infective vitamin are old names for Vitamin ___.

A

Retinol is also known as Vitamin ___.

A1

Retinoic acid is also known as Vitamin ___ acid.

A1

The presence of provitamin A in fruits and vegetables is related to their ___ and ___ pigments.

green and yellow

What is the most common provitamin A?

Beta-carotene

True/False: The body safely converts as much beta-carotene into Vitamin A as it ingests.

False (It converts only as much as it needs)

Excess beta-carotene intake imparts a ___ color to the skin.

yellowish or orange

The WHO/FAO recommends measuring Vitamin A values in ___ rather than International Units (I.U.).

Retinol equivalents (R.E.) or micrograms (mcg)

One retinol equivalent (R.E.) is equal to ___ mcg of retinol.

1

One retinol equivalent (R.E.) is equal to ___ mcg of beta-carotene.

6

Vitamin A maintains the integrity of ___ tissues, especially mucus linings.

epithelial

A lack of Vitamin A causes the ___ of mucus membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems.

keratinization

Vitamin A is a constituent of the visual purple in the ___, making it essential for normal night vision.

retina

Vitamin A catalyzes the release of protein-splitting enzymes acting on cartilages, which is necessary for normal ___ growth.

bone and skeletal

Excessive amounts of retinol make cell ___ abnormally susceptible to rupture.

membranes

Vitamin A is digested and absorbed from the small intestines with the aid of ___.

bile salts

What other fat-soluble vitamin enhances the absorption of Vitamin A and its storage in the liver?

Vitamin E

What macronutrient is needed for the mobilization of Vitamin A stores from the liver?

Protein

50-80% of the body's Vitamin A is stored in the ___.

liver

Vitamin A is transported from the liver to peripheral tissues with the help of a transport protein called ___.

Retinol-binding protein (RBP)

What is the clinical term for "toad's skin", a rough skin eruption characteristic of Vitamin A deficiency?

Phrynoderma

What eye lesion is known as the mild form of avitaminosis A?

Bitot's spot

What is the severe form of avitaminosis A that affects the eyes?

Xerophthalmia

True/False: Vitamin A toxicity frequently occurs from eating too many dark green vegetables.

False (It rarely occurs unless by overdose from preformed vitamin supplements)

Vitamin A toxicity effects typically occur when a daily dose of ___ I.U. continues for several months.

50,000

What is the PDRI of Vitamin A for adult males (19 years and over)?

700mcg RE

What is the PDRI of Vitamin A for adult females (19 years and over)?

600mcg RE

What is the richest animal food source of Vitamin A, though it is not customarily consumed as food?

Fish liver oils

Are plant sources or animal sources of Vitamin A more efficiently utilized by the human body?

Animal sources (80% for preformed vs 50% for carotenoids)

Globally, Vitamin A deficiency is the most important cause of ___ in the developing world.

blindness

Vitamin D is a group of related sterols with ___ properties.

anti-rachitic

What is the chemical name for Vitamin D2 (derived from irradiated ergosterol)?

Ergocalciferol

What is the chemical name for Vitamin D3 (derived from irradiated 7-dehydrocholesterol)?

Cholecalciferol

Vitamin D3 is formed in the skin upon exposure to ___ rays.

ultraviolet-B (UVB)

True/False: The sun directly provides Vitamin D to the human body.

False (The sun provides UV radiation to irradiate precursors into Vitamin D)

One I.U. of Vitamin D is equivalent to ___ mcg of Vitamin D3.

0.025

One milligram of Vitamin D is equivalent to ___ I.U. of Vitamin D.

40,000

Vitamin D promotes normal bone and teeth development by facilitating the absorption of ___ and ___.

calcium and phosphorus

A new function of Vitamin D shows it plays a role in ___ health by dilating blood vessels and lowering hypertension.

cardiovascular

Because placental transfer of Vitamin D from mother to baby is not enough, ___ during pregnancy is essential.

supplementation

What is the severe form of Vitamin D deficiency in children, manifested by defective bones and retarded growth?

Rickets

A deficiency of Vitamin D in infants may lead to muscle spasms known as ___.

tetany

What is the adult form of Vitamin D deficiency, characterized by softening of the bones?

Osteomalacia

In its later stages, Vitamin D toxicity causes abnormal ___ of soft tissues.

calcification

What is the PDRI of Vitamin D for adults aged 19 to 49 years?

5mcg

What is the current name used for the 9 related substances with Vitamin E activity?

Tocopherols

Which tocopherol is the most biologically active in human nutrition?

Alpha-tocopherol

What was the old name given to Vitamin E because of its required role in animal reproduction?

Anti-sterility vitamin

The Greek word "tocopherol" translates to "___" in English.

to bear child

In measurements, 1mg of alpha tocopherol acetate is equivalent to ___ I.U. of Vitamin E.

1

True/False: The function of Vitamin E in human reproduction has been clearly demonstrated.

False

Vitamin E's role in human cellular respiration occurs when energy is released from glucose and ___.

fatty acids

Vitamin E is a potent ___ for both animal and plant tissues, protecting other nutrients from being destroyed.

antioxidant

Vitamin E can prevent the ___ (rupture) of red blood cells.

hemolysis

True/False: Only plants can synthesize Vitamin E.

True

Vitamin E is antagonistic to the blood-clotting role of Vitamin ___.

K

As Vitamin E intake increases, its absorption rate in the body ___.

decreases

Excess Vitamin E undergoes conjugation in the liver and is excreted via ___ or urine.

bile

What is the PDRI of Vitamin E for adult females and males (19 years old and up)?

10mg

What common chemical process in dietary fats reduces the potency of Vitamin E?

Rancidification (rancid fat)

Vitamin K is also known as the "___ factor".

anti-hemorrhagic

The chemical substances that exhibit Vitamin K activity are known as ___.

quinones

What is the specific name of Vitamin K1, which is present in green leaves?

Phylloquinone