AP World Exam unit 1 review

ap exam

state

a territory that is politically organized under a single government

in 960-1279 how did the song dynasty maintain and justify their rule

• confucian thought

• bureaucracy and civil service exam

• commercialized economy

Confucian thought

(neo-confusianism) -rid confucian thought of the influence of Buddhism which had influenced it prior

-human society is hierarchical, there is a prescribed and proper order to everything

-Those below needed to defer to those above and those above needed to care for those below: Ruler-Subject, Father-Son, Husband-Wife, Elder-Younger brother, Friend-Friend

Bureaucracy and civil service exam

-Imperial Bureaucracy grew and helped them maintain rule

-Men had to pass civil service exam to get a job in government. Exam is based on Confucian thought. Open to all men but to study you have to be rich enough to not have to work.

Commercialization Definition

Manufacturers and artisans began to produce more goods than they consumed and sold their excess good to in markets in China and across Eurasia.

Innovations in Agriculture

Champa Rice - matured early, resist drought, harvest multiple times a year

Innovation in transportation

expansion of grand canal - facilitated trade and communication among China’s various regions

example of patriarchy in China (960-1279)

-Stripped of legal rights (Widowed couldn’t remarry, property is husbands)

-Social restrictions (limited education, footbinding)

Tenets of Buddhism

-Life is suffering

-We suffer because we crave

-We cease suffering when we cease craving

-The eight fold path leads to the cessation of suffering and craving

Mahayana Buddhism

• Broader participation in Buddhist practices

• Bodhisativas (already enlightened) help others

Who was the predominant ethnic group in the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)

Arbas

After the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, what group of people led the nest phase of Islamic empires

Turkic Caliphate

Describe the Seljuk Empire

established in the 11th century. Abbasids needed help with projects of territorial expansion and keep diverse people groups so they brought in Seljuk warriors. They saw flaw and fought establishing an Empire of their own.

What continuities persisted in the Islamic world under Islamic Turkic Empires

• Military administered states

• Sharia Law

• Cultural contributions and Islamic Scholarship: Greek moral natural philosophy

How did Islamic scholarship impact the Western World

House of Wisdom- Europeans Reniacces happened after discovery and without Arab translation European would have been confused

How did Muslim Empires expand

Military, Missonares, Merchants

What two religions are present in India

Hindu and Islam

Bhakti Movement

innovation on trad poly theistic Hinduism. Devotion to 1 god.

where did the Delhi Sultanate rule

Northern India

In the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia, what did the religious site Angkor Watt symbolize

Monument to both kingdoms religious and continuity and its change over time

Where were the Aztecs located

Mesoamerica

How did the Aztecs administer their empire

1. created system of tribute states- people conquered required to provide labor and goods like food, animals, and materials

2. Enslave people played role in their reilgion- many became human sacrifice

Where was the Inca Empire

Andean Civilization

Aztecs and Incas decentralized or centralized

Aztecs- decentralized

Incas- highly centralized

How did the Inca Empire administer their empire

• elaborate bureaucracy with hiearchy of officials throughout the empire all people under their rule to provide labor on state

• Mit’a System- projects like state farms, mining, military, construction

What are some important characteristics of North American Mississippian society

• Focus agriculture

• large towns dominated smaller, satellite settlements politically

• mounds

Women in Tang Dynasty

enjoyed more freedom, wrote poetry, rode horses, engaged in philosophical thinking

Women in Song Dynasty

• Resurgence of Confucian thinking with patriarchal structures reinforced

• seclusion of women was see as a status symbol

• women were seen as weak, frail, and distracting

• China commercialized, wealth spread and so too did restrictions on women,

property rights for women DID expand and women couldn’t control their own dowries and some did operate shops and urban centers.

China tribute with Vietnam

• under Chinese control longer than Korea

• Aristocratic borrowed heavily from China through Confucianism, Buddhism, and administrative techniques and court rituals

• Examination system based on China to staff bureaucracy

• Women retained many freedoms

• Champa rice from Vietnam

China tribute system in Korea

• Many influences contained to a aristocracy

• Buddhism spread

• Politically independent, but at tribute to China

• Traded luxury goods

• Confusion schools, and thought

• Chinese administration technique

• Korean women lost freedoms

Chinese tribute system in Japan

• Voluntarily borrowed never conquered by China

• Buddhism and Confucianism spread

• Chinese court taxation and administration used

• Not as centralized as China

• Japan retained unique samurai culture valuing military skill over academic

• Women retained rights

China and Northern nomads

Northern nomadic groups chaos in Han Dynasty, and invaded tang dynasty founded by people from north leader claimed to have ethnic Han Chinese ancestry,

Tang Dynasty

• Founded by outsiders

• Confucianism Daoism and Buddhism are common. Buddhism was the most supported.

• Expanded borders through military conquest

• Increased woman freedom

• Government attempted to create an accurate census of empires population, mostly for effective taxation in military conscription

• Block printing invented

• Fought against northern steppe Turkish

Song Dynasty

• Explosion of scholarship and improvement of civil service exam after tan Dynasty

• More printed books spread philosophy and religion

• Reviving, traditional confusion, thinking such as neo Confucianism

• Richest most skilled in populous country on earth

• Produced gunpowder, porcelain silk production, movable printing type lead world, end navigation, and ship building technique

• Very commercialized

achievements of Chinese golden age

Grand Canal

1000 mile long waterway, uniting, northern and southern China connecting Yangtze River and yellow river. It had population growth because Champeau rice from Vietnam and knowledge of how to grow the crops spread.

Pillars of Isla

No God other than Allah and Muhammed was his messenger, pray five times daily facing Mecca, almsgiving to the poor, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca

Quran and Hadith

Sacred texts and a collection of Muhammad saying

muhammad

Founder of Islam

Sharia law

Code for Muslim life

ulama

Body of Muslim scholars

Shia and Sunnis split

Sunni- leaders should be a deserving person

Shia- leader should be related to Muhammad

Mohammad left no line of succession

Civil war was ended with Umayyad caliphate

Spread of Islam

Sufi missionaries helped accommodate local culture in the Islamic practices for new converts, Muslim merchants, military conquest

Abbasid caliphate

Created army and defeated Umayards. Islamic caliphate reached greatest extent under this caliphate. Capital in Baghdad, Iraq became center of learning. Golden age.

Golden age of Islam

• Access silk roads in Indian Ocean

• House of wisdom facilitated the preservation of knowledge from civilizations across Afro Eurasia

Translation movement

Greek and Roman texts were translated into Arabic knowledge eventually brought into Europe by scholars

Scientific medical and philosophical text provided boost, Islamic scholarship, and science

Where were Aztecs located

Mesoamérica

where were incas located

adean civilization

How did the Aztec administer their?

Created systems of tribute states- people conquered required to provide labor and goods like food animals and construction materials. Another way is enslaved. People played a role in religion. Many became human sacrifices.

How did the Incas administer their empire?

Elaborate bureaucracy with hierarchy of officials throughout the empire. Mit’a system- all people under their rule provide labor on state projects like state Farms mining military construction.