Lecture Final Exam

Physiology

the study of the function or body structures

Cytology

studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical processes

Negative Feedback Loop

Reverses a change to a controlled condition (return to homeostasis) Ex: regulation of body temperature.

Midsagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Inferior

Refers to a position lower than another part of the body, indicating a downward direction in relation to another structure.

Superior

Refers to a position higher than another part of the body, indicating an upward direction in relation to another structure.

Anterior

Refers to a position toward the front of the body or structure, indicating a forward location in relation to another part.

Posterior

Refers to a position toward the back of the body

Function of Serous Membrane

is to reduce friction between organs and cavities by secreting serous fluid, allowing smooth movement.

What are the 4 major elements in the body?

-carbon

-hydrogen

-oxygen

-nitrogen

pH of 3, is it acidic or basic

Acidic

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

to protect the cell by acting as a barrier, regulating the movement of substances in and out, and facilitating communication between the cell and its environment.

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

-proteins

-phospholipids

-cholesterol

Selective permeability

allow only some substance to move though membrane

Primary active transport

energy from hydrolysis of ATP used to drive substances across the membrane aainst their own concentration gradient

Diffusion

transport process by which gas move through a membrane

Osmosis

passive movement of water though a selectively permeable membrane

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

serves to protect the nucleus and regulate the exchange of materials, such as RNA and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm, through its nuclear pores.

Mitochondria

-generates ATP

-”powerhouse”

-have their own circular DNA molecule

Cytokinesis

forms two identical cells

What is the function of mitosis?

somatic (body) cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

What is the function of the skin?

-regulation of body temp.

-protection

-sensory reception

-excretion (sweat)

-immunity

-blood reservoir

-synthesis for vitamin D

Keratin

A fibrous protein that provides structural support and waterproofing in skin, hair, and nails.

What is epithelial tissue?

consist of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single layer or multiple layers

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

-acts as a barrier

-secretion (glands)

-protective surfaces against the environment

What are stem cells?

Undifferentiated cells with the capability to develop into various cell types and divide indefinitely, crucial for growth and repair.

Hypodermis

attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs

Melanin

yellow-red or brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes

A layer in the epidermis found only in the areas of thick skin

stratum lucidum

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

-skull

-hyoid

-auditory ossicles

-vertebral column

-thorax

Osteoblasts

bone-building cells

Osteoclasts

-release enzymes that digest/dissolve bone (resorption)

-regulate blood calcium level

Osteocytes

-exchange nutrients and waste with the blood

-mature bone cells

-found in Lacunae

What is the function of osteoblasts?

responsible for bone formation by synthesizing and secreting the bone matrix and facilitating the mineralization process.

What is the function of osteoclasts?

responsible for the resorption of bone tissue by releasing enzymes that digest bone, thereby regulating blood calcium levels.

What is the function of osteocytes?

maintain bone tissue by regulating mineral content, responding to mechanical stress, and facilitating communication between bone cells.

Number of bones in the human body?

206

Number of bones in the axial skeleton?

80

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

126

Scalpula

A flat triangular bone located in the upper back, also known as the shoulder blade. It connects the humerus with the collarbone.

Humerus

The long bone in the upper arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow, essential for arm movement.

Characteristics of synovial joints?

characterized by a fluid-filled joint cavity, articular cartilage covering the bone ends, and a joint capsule that encloses the joint. They allow for a wide range of motion and are the most common type of joint in the body.

Elasticity

ability to return to an original length

Extensibility

ability to be stretched without being damaged

Do muscles cross bones?

yes

Myofibrils

contractile units within muscle fibers that enable muscle contraction

Regulatory proteins

tropomyosin and troponin found in actin molecule

intercalated discs

connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to one another

Function of the nervous system

-sensory

-integrative

-motor

Sensory function

to sense changes in the internal and external environment though sensory receptors

integrative function

to analyze the sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors

motor function

to respond to a stimuli by initiating action

Most superficial layer of the spinal cord

dura mater

Protective layer, outer layer of a spinal nerve

epineurium

What makes up the brain stem?

-medulla oblongata

-pons

-midbrain

Blood-brain barrier

protects the brain from harmful substances and pathogens

The spinal cord is developed from this type of tissue

ectoderm

Arachnoid villi

Fingerlike projections that reabsorbs CSF

Vagus nerve

a cranial nerve that regulates autonomic functions like heart rate and digestion.

Specical senses

The sensory modalities that provide information about the environment include vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.

General senses

Sensory modalities that provide information about bodily sensations such as temperature, pain, pressure, and proprioception.

Receptor which detects pressure and vibration

mechanoreceptor.

Proprioception means awareness of what?

the body's position and movement.

Proper sequence of activation of an autonomic reflex arc

involves a sensory receptor, an afferent neuron, an integration center, an efferent neuron, and an effector organ.

Areas of referred pain

pain is felt in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ or in a surface are far from the stimulated organ

Thermoreceptors

specialized sensory receptors that respond to changes in temperature, detecting hot and cold stimuli.

Sense of smell

is the ability to detect and identify chemical substances in the air through olfactory receptors located in the nasal cavity.

Where are taste buds found?

-epiglottis

-pharynx

-soft plate

What is the “white of the eye” called?

Sclera

This structure contains the receptors for hearing

cochlea

Colored part of the eye is called

iris

Positive charge of an atom

proton

Is water polar?

yes

Somatic nervous system

-operates under conscious control

-sensory input comes from somatic/ special senses

-effectors are: skeletal muscles

-releases neurotransmitter ACh- acetylcholine

Autonomic nervous system

-operates without conscious control

-sensory input comes from interceptors plus some somatic- special senses

-effectors are: smooth/cardiac muscles and exocrine/ endocrine glands

-releases neurotransmitter NE- norepinephrine or ACh acetylcholine

Compact bone

-load bearing

-Components of compact bone are arranged into repeating structural units called osteons

-Haversian canal= central canal

-Volksman canal= perforating canal

-periosteum- outer lining found in bone that promotes growth in width