ap2 lab final

circulatory system functions

transportation, regulation, protection

RBC characteristics

aka erthrocytes. no nucleus, role of carrying O2 via hemoglobin

hematocrit= packed RBC volume

WBCs

neutrophils- phagocytosis, multilobed

basophils- anti-coagulant, mediate inflammation, 2 lobes

eosinphils- antihistamines, anti inflammatory, 2/3 lobes, stain red/pink

monocyte- phagocytosis, kidney shaped lobe

lymphocyte- immune defense, large nucleus

(aka leukocytes)

platelets

thrombocytes, clotting

blood typing

type O-= universal donor due to no antigens as they won’t be seen as foreign to others

type AB+= universal recipient due to no antibodies to attack antigens

(antibodies attack foreign antigens)

erythroblastosis fetalis

mother’s immune system attacks fetal RBCs, often due to RH- mother carrying RH+ fetus and bloods mixing during birth triggering mother to produce antibodies against RH

blood flow through heart

O2 poor enters vena cava- R antrium- tricuspid- R ventricle- pulmonary SL- lungs

O2 rich enters pulmonary vein- L atrium- bicuspid- L ventricle- aortic SL valve, aorta

linings of heart

pericardium- fibrous tissue

myocardium- cardiac muscle

endocardium- smooth lining inside heart chamber

lymphatic organs

thoracic duct- recieves lymph from body and drains to blood (mostly left, right duct right)

thymus- T cell maturation

spleen- blood filtration, removes RBCs, fights infection

functions- return fluid to blood, immune, fat absorption/transportation

systole, diastole, SV

systole- ventricular filling, blood forced into arteries during contraction

diastole- ventricular emptying, blood leaving arteries during relaxation

stroke volume- volume of blood ejected during systole

sounds of Korotkoff

when brachial artery occluded by BP cuff, no sound. or when there is no pressure and blood freely flows

heat/cold on BP/HR

heat- inc pulse, dec bp due to vasodilation

cold- dec pulse, inc bp due to vasoconstriction

heart sounds

Lub (S1)- AV valves close, ventricular pressure exceeds atrial, systole begins

Dub (S2)- SL valves close, atrial pressure exceeds ventricular, diastole begins

murmur- extra sounds when valves improperly open/close

conduction of neural impulse through heart

SA node sends impulse to AV node causing atrial systole, bundle of HIS recieves impulse from AV node and sends to ventricles via bundle branches, causing ventricular systole. purkinje fibers= where bundle branches end

EKG definitions

P wave= atrial depolarization

QRS complex- ventricular depolarization

T wave- ventricular repolarization

PR interval- between start of atrial excitation to start of ventricular excitation

QT interval- whole time for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize

chemical breakdown of food

salviary glands, stomach mixes food w acids/enzymes to make chyme, pepsin for protein. liver produces bile for fats, gallbladder stores bile, pancreatic enzymes (and insulin endocrine) small int further breakdown food and absorption, large int absorbs water and electrolytes and forms feces

agents to detect nutrients in food

monosaccharides= benedicts

proteins- biuret

complex carbs- potassium iodine

glycemic index

rating system for foods with carbs, shows how quickly each affects blood sugar on its own

0-55=low, 70+=high

high and low glycemia food effects

high- increases blood glucose right away, big drop

low- steady increase

normal, pre diabetic, diabetic fasting blood glucose levels

normal- 80-10

prediabetic- 101-125

diabetic- 126+

how body restores blood sugar level when high/low

high- pancreas secrete insulin to cause liver to take up glucose and store as glycogen

low- pancreases secrete glucogon to stim breakdown of glycogen into glucose via liver

function of respiratory organs

pharynx- passage for air and food from nasal-larynx

larynx- vocal cords, prevents food from entering airway, to trachea (windpipe)

carina- ridge of trachea where splits into L and R

bronchi- bring air to lungs

alveoli- gas exchange

pleural membrane- surround lungs, reduce friction, maintain inflation

diaphgram- expands to create neg pressure in lungs

structures controlling inhalation/exhalation

diaphragm, ribcage, pleura, IC muscles - expand to inc volume/dec pressure, relax to dec volume/inc pressure (exhale)

gas exchange in alveoli

surrounded by capillaries, diffusion (co2 into alveoli to exhale, O2 into blood to hemoglobin)

TV, IRV, ERV, IC, RV, VC, TLC

TV- air inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing

IRV- extra air that can be inhaled after inhalation

ERV- extra air that can be exhaled after exhalation

IC- max air that can be inhaled after normal exhalation (TV+IRV)

RV- air remaining in lungs after max forced exhalation

VC= max air exhaled after max inhalation (TV, IRV, ERV)

TLC= max air lungs can hold after max inhalation (TV, IRV, ERV, RV)

expected change in breathing after exercise

inc respiratory rate, inc volume of breath

conditions causing inc RR

fever, asthma, dehydration, drugs

conditions causing decreased RR

hypothermia, head injury, drugs

restrictive vs obstructive pulmonary disease

restrictive- difficulty fully expanding lungs to get air (inhaling), cannot fully inflate so volumes all reduce (reduced lung compliance, neuromuscular disorder)

obstructive- difficulty exhalating all air in lungs, narrowed/collapsed airways (asthma, emphysema, bronchitis) air trapped in lungs

how breathing parameters change w restrictive and obstructive

restrictive- big dec in IRV, VC, TLC. small dec in TV, ERV, RV

obstructive- big dec in ERV, small in TV, IRV, VC, normal/high TLC

spirometry test diffrentiating restrictive and obstructive

FEV1/FVC - FEV1 lower in obstructive, normal ratio in restrictive

GFR

rate blood filtered through glomerulus into Bowmans capsule per min, how well kidneys can remove waste and filter blood

tubular reabsorption and secretion

reabsorption- useful substances taken back into blood from filtrate (PCT)

secretion- waste added to filtrate to be excreted

urinalysis

glucose= diabetes sign, protein= anemia