Biology Honors Final Exam

Role of ATP Synthase

Enzyme that spins to turn ADP into ATP

What is Pyruvic Acid?

3-carbon molecule from glucose

When is Pyruvic Acid made?

Krebs Cycle

What happens to Pyruvic Acid during the Krebs Cycle?

A Carbon leaves to become CO2 and the others from Acetyl-CoA

Input of the Krebs Cycle

4 Carbons and Acetyl-CoA

Output of the Krebs Cycle

CO2 (x2), NADH (x3), FADH, ATP (x2)

Krebs Cycle, a.k.a

Citric Acid Cycle

Stages of Cellular Respiration (in order!)

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Aerobic

With oxygen

Anaerobic

Without oxygen

Alcoholic Fermentation

Pyruvic Acid becomes ethyl alcohol and CO2 (x2) using yeast

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Pyruvic Acid becomes lactic acid (x2)

What is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

Uses electrons in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to turn ADP into ATP

Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur?

Intermembrane Space of Mitochondria

What happens in G1 Phase?

Active growth and histone production

S-Phase

DNA Replication

G2 Phase

Organelle replication and division preparation

List all 6 phases of cell division.

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

What is M Phase?

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Plant Cell Division

Telophase Cell plate

Animal Cell Division

Centrioles and Spindle Fibers

Genotype Example

Tt

Phenotype Example

Tall

Diploid

Two sets of chromosomes, somatic

Haploid

one set of chromosomes, gamete

Gamete

Sex cell

Rosalind Franklin’s Discovery

Helical structure of DNA (Photo 51)

Watson and Crick’s Discovery

Shape of DNA using X-Ray Diffraction

Parts of Nucleotide

Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

Label B

Phosphate Group

Label A

5-Carbon Sugar

Label C

Nitrogenous Base

3 Types of RNA

Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA

Role of mRNA

Complementary to DNA

DNA: GGCTTA
Find mRNA

CCGAAU

Role of tRNA

Transfers amino acids to mRNA codons (complementary to mRNA)

DNA: TGCAATCGG
Find tRNA

UGCAAUCGG

Role of rRNA

Bonds amino acids to make proteins (polypeptides)

Purines

A G

Pyrimidines

C T U

What is Charles Darwin’s book?

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

Day 1 of Creation

Light

Day 2 of Creation

Sky

Day 3 of Creation

Land and Plants

Day 4 of Creation

Sun, Moon, Stars

Day 5

Birds and Fish

Day 6

Animals and Humans

Day 7

God rested.

Founders of Big Bang Theory

Steven Hawking, George Ellis, Roger Penrose