4. economic and social chnaged 1924-41

what years was collectivisation in place

1928-1933

how much produce was given to government from each farm

40%

what were the reasons for collectiviation

• concerns for NEP - crop yeild wasnt high enough, little machinery use, it apeared capitalist as peasants could sell grain for profit

• controll over people - would give him more controll over county side

• stalin’s rival Bukharin - he supported NEP so by closing it it would attack him

what were the two types of farm called

kolkhoz and sovkhoz

what were the features of kolkhoz farms

• run by local communist party

• majority of farms

• had to provide a fixed amount of food to state

• peasants could kepp surplus grain

features of sovkhoz farms

• huge

• all produce taken by state

• pasants who worked there were paid labourers

how many cows were killed as a result of collectivisation

30 million

when was the famine in ukrane

1931-32

how many ppl died in ukrane famine

5 million

what is the MTS

motor tractor staions

key succeses of collectivisation

• by 1935 90% of farmland had been collectivised

• MTS brought more mechanisation of farming

• more young people went to agriculture school

• by 1935 grain production began to increase again

• ussr increased grain exports to other countries

• control over countryside = political success

key falliures of collectiviation

• famine of 1932-33 - at least 3.3 million people died

• the liquidaion of kulaks removed many expereinced farmers from soviet agriculture

• to few tractors and they were poorly made

• kolkhoz farmers did as little work as possible

who were kulaks

wealthier peasants

why did stalin industrialise russia

• ideological reasons - marxism thought that socials countries must be industrialsied so stalin had to follow this

• political reasons - bukharin was against industrialisation

• lack of industrial activity iunder NEP - scissors crisis ect

• fear of invasion - if ussr came to war they would need rapid production of resources

how many 5 year plans were there

3

when was the 1st 5 year plan

1928-32

what did the 1st 5 year plans focus on, and what was 1 pro and 1 con

increasing out put of heavy industry - new industrial centres were set up but living and owrking conditins were hard

when was the 2nd 5 year plan

1933-37

what did the 2nd 5 year plans focus on, and what was 1 pro and 1 con

increasing outpur of heavy machinery with greater efficency - made greater use of technical experites but oil production remained disapointing

when was the 3rd 5 year plan

1938-41

what did the 3rd 5 year plans focus on

increase in military production and improvemnt sot education -

what was gosplan

• responcible for setting targets for all jey industries to meet - set up 5000 new factories from 1928-37

• if workers and managers reached their targets they would get higher wages

what was the stakhonovite movement

• stakhanov was a coal miner who became famous fir mining 14x his quota

• soviet propaganda made him a celebrity and encouraged all workers to be like him - but it was more propaganda then reality

key succeses of industruialisation

• increase in production of arms helped repel german invasion on WW2

• supply of raw materials increased

• no unemployemnt

• huge factories built

• communist party had more suppoert form workers and peasants

key faliures of industrialisation

• some production depended on slave labor from gulgas

• factory conditions dangerous

• living conditions didnt improve

• productivity low

how did living conditions in towns improve

• free heath care for all

• sports clubs and facilities provided to encourage exercise

how did living conditions in towns stay the same

• many families shared comunal housing (6% of families in moscow lived in 1 room)

• huge overcrowding (urban pop increase by 11 million from 1929-34)

• poor sewage sytems = bad health

how did working conditions in towns improve

• workers given holidays

• jobs for women and girls out of school

how did working conditions in towns stay the same/get worse

• wages decresed 50% (increased by 67% but when inflation factored in actualy decrese by 50%)

• if u were ill for more than 2 day then u were sacked (fear as this went on your record snd other companies didnt hire you)

• strict rules on dicipline and punctuality

how did living and working conditions in countyside get better

• mechanisation = work life easier for many

• peasants sometimes offered fee housing

• some collective farms had schools and hospitals

how did living and working conditions in countryside get worse

• forced to give up land and livestock to collective farms

• MTS often has members of secret police

• food shortages

how did being in different sdocial groups get better

• communist party members got access to better shops, housing and hildays homes in countryside, and better heathcare

how did being in different sdocial groups get worse

not a party member = inequality

how did the lives and role of women improve

• many factories had creches which enables women to work and have childcare

• women made up 40% of workforce by 1940

• men forced to provide financial support for children - kept familys together

• if u had many children the 7th onwards would get 13 years of free schooling

how did the lives and role of women get worse

• women not paid as much as men and couldnt get as high roles

• 1936 onwards it was harder for women to get divorce

• 1936 - abortions illegal

how did the lives of ethnic minorites get worse

• many groupd forced to move away from border areas - 1937 - 171,000koreans were deported from russian border regions to central asia

why were ethnic minorites persecuted

• resitance ti collectivisation was often strogest where national identities were strongest

• stalin was cobvinced some nationalities within USSR were enimies fo the people