Frog and Fetal Pig Anatomy Dissection Study Guide

Vocabulary terms and definitions covering external and internal frog anatomy, fetal pig characteristics, and basic bone/skin tissue structures as presented in the lecture notes.

Glottis

The opening to the lungs used by the frog for breathing and vocalizing.

Vomerine teeth

Teeth located on the roof of the mouth used for holding prey in place.

Maxillary teeth

Teeth found around the edge of the mouth used for holding prey.

Nostrils (External Nares)

Two tiny openings on the roof of the mouth that exit on the outside of the frog.

Nictitating membrane

A clear-ish membrane attached to the bottom of the eye that provides protection.

Tympanic membrane

A circular structure located behind the eyes used for sound reception and hearing.

Esophagus

A single round opening toward the back of the mouth that leads to the stomach.

Eustachian tubes

Openings on each side of the jaw used to equalize pressure in the inner ear while the frog is swimming.

Tongue

A tool used to catch prey; in frogs, it attaches to the front of the mouth.

Fat bodies

Spaghetti-shaped structures with a bright orange or yellow color that serve as an energy reserve.

Mesentery

A spider web-like membrane that holds the coils of the small intestine together and covers many organs.

Liver

The largest brown-colored organ in the body cavity, composed of three lobes (right, left anterior, and left posterior), that produces bile.

Bile

A digestive juice needed for the proper digestion of fats.

Gallbladder

An organ found under the liver that stores bile.

Stomach

The first major site of chemical digestion.

Pyloric sphincter

The structure that regulates the exit of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine.

Duodenum

The straight first part of the small intestine.

Cloaca

The common exit chamber where urine, sperm, eggs, and waste empty.

Spleen

An organ found within the mesentery that stores blood.

Kidneys

Flattened bean-shaped organs near the spine that filter water from the blood.

Oviducts

Curly-q type structures in females where eggs are produced.

Cerebrum

The frog's thinking center that helps it respond to its environment.

Optic lobes

The part of the frog's brain that functions in vision.

Cerebellum

The brain region used to coordinate the frog's muscles and maintain balance.

Medulla oblongata

The part of the brain connecting to the spinal cord that regulates breathing and heartbeat.

Femur

The bone found in the upper thigh of the frog's hind leg.

Tibiofibula

The bone found in the lower part of the frog's leg.

Gestation length (Pig)

The amount of time for full pregnancy, which in pigs is approximately $114$ days.

Unguligrade

A term describing animals, like pigs, that walk on hooves.

Pinna

The long, external fold of the fetal pig's ear.

Epiphyseal Plates

Hyaline cartilage plates where bones grow in length; they ossify permanently between the ages of $18$ and $25$.

Medullary Cavity

The hollow space inside the shaft of a bone filled with yellow marrow.

Endosteum

The connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

Periosteum

A vascular membrane made of connective tissue and osteoblasts that covers the outside of a long bone.

Red Marrow

Soft tissue found in the ends of long bones that produces red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets.

Articular Cartilage

Cartilage found at the ends of long bones that protects them from friction and shock during joint movement.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone made of compact bone.

Epiphyses

The knobby ends of a bone filled with spongy bone.