Chapter 12- Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and ketones

alcohol

OH

phenol

has OH but bonded with benzene ring

thiol

SH

ether

C—-O——C group

alcohol naming

replace e with ol

common name for methanol

methyl alcohol

common name for ethanol

ethyl alcohol

ethanol

intoxicating product

formed by the fermentation of grains, sugars, and starches

how is ethanol produced

reacting ethene and water at high temperatures and pressures for commercial use

it is also used as a solvent for perfumes and varnishes and medicines

1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol)

alcohol type?

polar?

used as?

trihydroxy alcohol

three polar OH groups—strong attraction for water molecules

used as a skin softener in products such as skin lotions, cosmetics, shaving creams and liquid soaps

ethylene glycol. SWEET TASTE- can cause renal failure of kidneys

antifreeze in heating a cooling systems

solvent in paints, inks, and plastics

Bisphenol A is used to make

polycarbonate, a clear plastic that is used to manufacture beverage bottles including baby bottles

phenols are found in essentials of plants to produce

the odor or flavor of the plant

thiols

contain?

have what odors?

found in?

used to?

sulfur, thiol

strong disagreeable odors

cheese, onions, garlic, oysters

detect gas leaks

thiols are a family of

sulfur containing organic compounds that have a thiol group

ether

what?

what structure?

contains an —-O—- between two carbon groups that are alkyls or aromatic rings

have a bent structure like water and alcohols do

how to name ethers

one group——O——- two group

one group two group ether

in alphabetical order

anesthesia

loss of sensation and consciousness

blocks signals to the awareness centers of the brain

gives patients a loss of memory, loss of feeling of pain, and artificial sleep

ether was used in

anesthetics for hundreds of years until the 1950’s

a new group of anesthetics were developed that

retain the ether group

replace hydrogen atoms on the carbon with halogen atoms to reduce flammability of ethers.

alcohol containing hand sanitizer contains 60 or 85 percent of

ethanol meaning it can be flammable

primary 1 degree alcohol

1 carbon attached

secondary 2 degree alcohol

two carbons are attached

tertiary 3 degree alcohol

3 carbons are attached

alcohols contain

polar OH groups and form hydrogen bonds with other alcohol molecules with water

the solubility of alcohols in water

decreases with the increasing number of carbons 4-kinda 5 NO

Hand sanitizers contain

ethanol or propanol

hand sanitizers

kill most bacteria

are flammable and produce a transparent blue flame

may also have triclosan

phenols are

solubility in water?

reacting with water and produce?

once used as?

have a ___ group and can form what bonds with water?

slightly soluble

phenoxide ions

antiseptics

OH group hydrogen bonds

simplest ketone is

acetone or propanone (dimethyl ketone)

colorless liquid with a mild odor that has a wide use as a solvent in cleaning fluids, paint, and nail polish removers, + rubber cement

carbonyl group

consists of a carbon- oxygen polar double bond with two groups of atoms attached to the carbon

carbonyl groups have a very

electronegative oxygen atom

carbonyl groups have two

lone pair electrons on the O atom

carbonyl groups have a strong

dipole with a partial
positive charge on C and a partial
negative charge on O

a carbonyl group in an aldehyde is attached to a

carbon atom and at least one
H atom

a carbonyl group in a ketone

is attached to two

alkyl groups

Aldehyde group may be written as

CHO with the double bond understood

in a ketone the carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl groups

the keto group C——(x2) O. can sometimes be written as CO

aldehyde name

e in the alkane name changes to al

aldehyde one carbon

form. followed by aldehyde

aldehyde two carbons

acet. followed by aldehyde

aldehyde 3 carbons

propion followed by aldehyde

aldehyde four carbons

butyr followed by aldehyde

ketone naming

e is replaced with one

aldehydes and ketones form ___ bonds with water molecules between _____ and _____ on water molecules

hydrogen

carbonyl oxygen

hydrogen atoms

aldehydes and ketones are very soluble when they have

four or fewer carbons

acetone (propanone)

solvent used in nail polish remover, cleaning fluids and paint

formaldehyde

simplest aldehyde— colorless gas with a pungent odor and is used in a solution to preserve specimens

benzaldehyde is found in

(aromatic aldehydes are used to flavor food or add fragrances

almonds, vanillin in vanilla beans, and cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon

when heated with an acid catalyst alcohols undergo

dehydration

alcohols lose (dehydration)

H and OH from adjacent carbon atoms producing an alkene and water

oxidation reactions

increases the number of carbon oxygen bonds by the addition of oxygen or a loss of hydrogen atoms

reduction reactions

reduce the number of bonds between carbon and oxygen

alcohols undergo oxidation

which increases the number of carbon and oxygen bonds

primary alcohols are oxidized to produce an

aldehyde

aldehydes can further oxidize to produce

carboxylic acid

secondary alcohols are oxidized to produce

a ketone

O is placed over the arrow to signify an oxidation

tertiary alcohols do

not oxidize because there is no hydrogen atom on the carbon bonded to the OH group

methanol (methyl alcohol) PURPOSE

highly toxic and found in windshield washer fluid, sterno and paint strippers

rapidly absorbed and oxidized to formaldehyde and then
formic acid

ethanol PURPOSE

acts as a depressant and kills or disables more people than any other drug

can be tested the consumption by using a breathalyzer

when thiols undergo oxidation

an H atom is lost from each of the two SH groups

THE PRODUCT IS DISULFIDE

S—S