AICE Lang Final Study Guide

NOUN

Identifies a person, place, thing, or idea. Example: Elaina was late for class.

Common Noun

A general, non-specific noun (not capitalized). Examples: dog, chair, class, apple

Proper Noun

A specific, named noun (always capitalized). Examples: Mrs. Hare, Ethan, Starbucks

Singular Noun

A noun referring to one person, place, or thing. Example: dog, chair, apple

Plural Noun

A noun referring to more than one person, place, or thing. Examples: dogs, chairs, apples

ADJECTIVE

A word that describes, identifies, or further defines a noun or pronoun. Example: My grandmother is a very wise, kind, and funny woman.

VERB

A word that shows an action. Example: Emma was running after the bus yesterday.

ADVERB

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb (often ends in -ly). Example: He ran home very quickly.

PRONOUN

A word that takes the place of a noun. Example: She couldn't wait to go shopping at Target.

PREPOSITION

A word that connects a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun to another word, especially a verb. Example: We jumped in the lake.

CONJUNCTION

A word that joins words or groups of words. Example: The treasure was hidden in the cave or in the museum.

FANBOYS

The 7 coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

INTERJECTION

An abrupt remark made especially as an aside or interruption. Example: Oh dear! I don't know what to do about this mess.

ARTICLE

A word used to modify a noun (a person, place, object, or idea). The three articles are: a, an, the. Example: It was an important event in history.

Advertisement – Primary Purpose

Persuade (Secondary: usually inform)

Advertisement – Special Features

Prose or visual; 1st or 2nd person POV; always has a call to action; uses loaded language, repetition, imperative sentences, rhetoric; may include tagline/slogan

Advertisement – Structure

Clear headline; short sentences/bullet points; call to action

Advertisement – Language Devices

Powerful adjectives; repetition; rhetorical questions

Review – Primary Purpose

Inform (Secondary: persuade or entertain)

Review – Special Features

Usually 1st person POV; title (may use hyperbole); establishes credibility; uses hyperbole, figurative language, connotation, rhetoric; includes a rating and recommendation

Review – Structure

Clear intro; headings/subheadings; clear conclusion summarizing evaluation

Review – Language Devices

Descriptive language; comparison and contrast; rhetorical questions or personal anecdotes

Scripted Speech – Conventions

Uses dialogue, stage directions, and characterization

Scripted Speech – Structure

Introduction; body paragraphs/scenes; conclusion with call to action

Scripted Speech – Language Devices

Figurative language; repetition; humor, irony, or sarcasm

Email – Primary Purpose

Usually inform (Secondary: persuade, depending on context)

Email – Special Features

1st person POV (may include 2nd); TO/FROM email addresses; subject line; salutation; closing

Letter – Primary Purpose

Usually inform (Secondary: persuade, depending on context)

Letter – Special Features

1st person POV; date + name/address of recipient; RE: line; salutation; closing

Letter – Language Devices

Conversational tone; rhetorical questions or persuasive language; specific details/anecdotes

Diary/Journal – Primary Purpose

Inform (your future self) (Secondary: reflect on an event)

Diary/Journal – Special Features

Always 1st person POV; MUST include a date; "Dear Diary," if it's a diary; informal register; uses imagery, repetition, figurative language; NO closing

Diary/Journal – Structure

Dated entries; personal reflection; shifts in tone to reflect mood changes

Diary/Journal – Language Devices

Personal pronouns; descriptive language; metaphor and symbolism

Blog – Primary Purpose

Usually persuade, can also inform (Secondary: any other "why")

Blog – Special Features

Any POV; MUST have title + blogger's name + date; headings/subheadings; may have sidebar, social media icons, or user comments

Blog – Structure

Clear intro; headings/subheadings; clear conclusion reinforcing main message

Blog – Language Devices

Conversational language (chatty, first person); rhetorical questions; hyperlinks

Brochure/Leaflet – Primary Purpose

Usually persuade, can also inform (Secondary: any other "why")

Brochure/Leaflet – Special Features

Any POV; name of business/organization; headings/subheadings; MUST include contact info; often has a call to action and images

Brochure/Leaflet – Language Devices

Descriptive language; statistics and facts; rhetorical questions

Article – Primary Purpose

Inform (Secondary: persuade or any other "why")

Article – Special Features

Almost always 3rd person POV; title, headings, subheadings; byline ("By [name]"); answers Who, What, Where, Why, When, How; often includes images/captions

Article – Language Devices

Persuasive/emotive language or hyperbole; rhetorical questions; descriptive language and storytelling

Autobiography – Primary Purpose

Inform (Secondary: entertain or any "why")

Autobiography vs. Biography – POV

Autobiography & memoir = 1st person POV; Biography = 3rd person POV

Autobiography – Special Features

Chronological order; memoir focuses on specific impactful memories; reflective tone

Biography – Structure

Introduction establishing background; chronological account of life events; conclusion with reflection on legacy

Narrative Writing – Primary Purpose

Entertain (Secondary: any other "why")

Narrative Writing – Special Features

Any POV; has a title; uses plot, imagery, theme, flashback, foreshadowing, figurative language, conflict; often includes dialogue and multiple characters

Narrative Writing – Structure

Exposition → Rising Action → Climax → Falling Action → Resolution (narrative arc)

Narrative Writing – Language Devices

Sensory details; figurative language (metaphors/similes); point of view

Descriptive Writing – Primary Purpose

Entertain (Secondary: describe, inform, or any "why")

Descriptive Writing – Special Features

Best in 3rd person POV (can be 1st); heavy emphasis on vivid sensory details and figurative language; brings a scene to life in the reader's imagination

News Story – Primary Purpose

Inform (Secondary: any other "why")

News Story – Special Features

Usually 3rd person POV; includes publication name, title, writer's name, date; semi-formal to formal register; answers Who, What, Where, When, Why, How

News Story – Structure

Inverted pyramid: most important info first; lead paragraph hooks reader; quotes/interviews for multiple perspectives

News Story – Language Devices

Neutral and objective language; direct quotes with speech marks; adverbs and adjectives for clarity

Editorial – Primary Purpose

Persuade (Secondary: inform or any other "why")

Editorial – Special Features

Often 1st person POV; focuses on a specific issue with the writer's opinion; puts forth an argument; usually offers a solution or call to action

Editorial – Language Devices

Emotive language or hyperbole; rhetorical questions; powerful adjectives; figurative language (metaphors/similes)

Essay – Primary Purpose

Persuade OR Inform/Explain (determined by task instructions)

Essay – Special Features

Best in 3rd person POV (1st may be appropriate); looks at both sides if arguing; explains all aspects if informing; includes hook, thesis, body paragraphs with transitions, and conclusion

Essay – Structure

Introduction with thesis → body paragraphs with evidence → conclusion with final reflection; addresses counterarguments

Essay – Language Devices

Formal language; rhetorical questions; persuasive language (emotional appeals, vivid imagery)

Travel Writing – Primary Purpose

Inform (Secondary: entertain or any other "why")

Travel Writing – Special Features

1st person POV; focuses on a place/location; past tense; informal/conversational tone; vivid sensory details; covers all aspects of travel (getting there, where to stay, local culture, etc.)

Travel Writing – Language Devices

Sensory language; figurative language (metaphors/similes); cultural references and comparisons

Investigative Journalism – Primary Purpose

Inform (Secondary: entertain or any other "why")

Investigative Journalism – Special Features

Usually 3rd person POV; in-depth research; exposes crime, corruption, or hidden stories; often controversial; uses symbolism, allusions, analogies

Investigative Journalism – Language Devices

Formal language; direct quotes and paraphrasing; powerful verbs and vivid imagery for urgency

Report – Primary Purpose

Inform (Secondary: any other "why")

Report – Special Features

Semi-formal or formal register; targets a specific audience; formally structured; uses headings/subheadings; may use bullet points, tables, or graphs; sometimes offers recommendations

Podcast – Primary Purpose

Entertain (Secondary: inform or any other "why")

Podcast – Special Features

1st person POV; includes intro tag (sponsor ad), intro monologue with music jingle, full script of main content, closing music jingle (outro); call to action inviting listeners back

Podcast – Structure

Introduction establishing topic → various segments (interviews, commentary, music) → clear conclusion summarizing main points

Podcast – Language Devices

Conversational/informal language; sound effects and music for mood; repetition and emphasis for key ideas