Cognitive Issues in Elders: Geriatric Management

A comprehensive set of flashcards to aid in the review of key concepts from the lecture on cognitive issues in the elderly, focusing on dementia and delirium.

What is the main difference between delirium and dementia in terms of onset?

Delirium has an abrupt onset, while dementia has an insidious and progressive onset.

What is a common risk factor for delirium in older adults?

Hospitalization increases the risk of delirium, with prevalence ranging from 2% to 50%.

What is one key feature of delirium?

Disturbance of attention and awareness.

What are amyloid plaques and tangles?

They are structural changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

What percentage of people aged 85 and older are affected by Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease?

Approximately 34.6%.

What are some early signs of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease?

Memory impairment, difficulty in concentrating, and confusion with time and place.

What is the purpose of the Mini-Cog assessment?

It screens for cognitive impairment; a score of less than 4 indicates the need for further testing.

What are cholinesterase inhibitors?

They are drugs used to slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease.

What is the role of the health care team in managing dementia?

To coordinate care and interventions to support patients and caregivers.

What is the prevalence of caregivers supporting dementia patients?

About 2/3 of caregivers are women, and many care for a parent or spouse.

What are modifiable risk factors for dementia?

Education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, and physical inactivity.

What is the relationship between cognitive function and motor skills in older adults?

Motor impairments are associated with an increased risk of developing dementia.

What cognitive functions are often preserved until the later stages of dementia?

Long-term memory is often preserved longer than short-term memory.

What kind of learning is emphasized for rehabilitation in people with dementia?

Implicit learning is emphasized, focusing on procedural and constant learning.

How do you distinguish between normal aging and dementia?

Substantial memory impairment is not a normal part of aging.

What is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)?

A screening tool that assesses various cognitive domains with a score of 25 or less indicating impairment.

What is a common behavior exhibited by individuals with dementia?

Repetition of words or phrases.

What is one strategy for effectively communicating with a person with dementia?

Use one thought or one sentence at a time.

What kinds of therapy strategies are indicated for patients with Alzheimer's disease?

Rehabilitative strategies focusing on maintaining function and mobility.

What defines the 'severe' stage of dementia?

Total care is generally required, with advanced cognitive and functional impairments.

What are two examples of family caregiver stressors?

Memory loss and behavior changes of the patient.

What are the stages of progression in Alzheimer’s disease?

The stages are mild, moderate, and severe with increasing cognitive loss at each stage.

What pharmacological treatment is commonly prescribed for Alzheimer’s disease?

Donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor.

What techniques can caregivers use to manage stress?

Taking breaks, joining support groups, and practicing stress relief techniques.

What is the definition of dementia according to the DSM?

A loss in intellectual function severe enough to impair daily functioning.

What effect does physical activity have on brain health in older adults?

It can reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.

What is the significance of visual aids in dementia care?

They help improve communication and orientation.

What are the atypical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

Mood changes, anxiety, and difficulty with social interaction.

What is a key aspect of person-centered dementia care?

Respecting the individual preferences and experiences of patients.

What does the term 'cognitive reserve' refer to in dementia prevention?

The brain's ability to improvise and find alternate ways of getting a job done.

How is Alzheimer’s disease diagnosed?

Through a combination of clinical history, cognitive testing, and imaging studies.

What does the term 'perseveration' refer to in the context of dementia symptoms?

The repetition of a particular response despite the absence or cessation of a stimulus.

What counseling strategies can help caregivers?

Offering informational resources, emotional support, and developing coping strategies.

What distinguishes early-onset dementia from late-onset dementia?

Early-onset occurs before age 65 while late-onset occurs after.

What common emotional changes are observed in individuals with dementia?

Mood swings and increased anxiety.

What are examples of cognitive screening tools used for Alzheimer’s disease?

The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

Why is early intervention crucial in dementia care?

It can prevent further cognitive decline and improve quality of life.

How can occupational therapy support individuals with dementia?

By helping them maintain daily activities and improving their function.

What are the communication principles for working with dementia patients?

Be patient, use simple language, and make eye contact.

What is a significant characteristic of vascular dementia?

Cognitive decline that follows a stroke or series of strokes.

How can caregivers promote independence in individuals with dementia?

By providing choices and encouraging participation in daily activities.

What does the cognitive assessment tool ‘GPCOG’ stand for?

General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition.

What is one of the primary caregiver concerns associated with long-term care?

Impact on their own physical and mental health.

What are the key principles of rehabilitation for people with dementia?

Focus on maintaining functional independence and quality of life.

What can caregivers do to enhance communication with dementia patients?

Use gestures, visuals, and a calm voice to support understanding.

Which brain regions are first affected in Alzheimer’s disease?

Entorhinal region, hippocampus, and amygdala.

What is a common symptom of moderate Alzheimer's dementia?

Difficulty recognizing familiar faces.

Why is understanding dementia subtypes important for treatment?

Different subtypes may require specific management approaches and interventions.

What cognitive skill is often preserved in individuals with dementia until later stages?

Long-term memory.

What impact does depression have on dementia patients?

It can exacerbate cognitive decline and impair quality of life.

What role do caregivers play in supporting patients with dementia?

They provide emotional, practical, and advocacy support.

How does hydration affect cognitive function in the elderly?

Dehydration can lead to confusion and exacerbate cognitive impairments.

What are the expected outcomes of effective rehabilitation for dementia patients?

Improved cognitive function, physical ability, and quality of life.

What kind of exercises are beneficial for dementia patients?

Functional and repetitive exercises that focus on strength and balance.

What is an important consideration when planning activities for dementia patients?

Activities should be tailored to the individual’s abilities and interests.

How can non-pharmacological interventions support dementia patients?

Through activities that promote engagement and stimulation.

What kind of behaviors might indicate pain in advanced dementia patients?

Restlessness, crying, and wincing.

What are the goals of communication strategies in dementia care?

To facilitate understanding, reduce frustration, and enhance engagement.

How can caregivers prevent burnout when caring for dementia patients?

By seeking support and maintaining self-care routines.

What aspect of cognitive screening tools is critical for accurate assessment?

Sensitivity to detect early cognitive impairment.

What does the term 'insidious onset' refer to in Alzheimer's disease?

A gradual progression of symptoms over time.

What can family education contribute to the care of dementia patients?

Improved understanding of the disease and better support strategies for the patient.

What is the potential impact of unhealthy lifestyle choices on dementia risk?

They can increase the likelihood of developing dementia.

Which assessment tool is especially noted for its sensitivity to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

What is an example of an environmental modification to support dementia patients?

Creating clear pathways and reducing clutter in living spaces.

Why is caregiver education important in managing dementia?

It empowers caregivers with knowledge and strategies to better support their loved ones.