Complete Final Exam Kin2530 Olga

Ableist ideology is organized around the belief that no one is perfect, and impairments are a natural part of human bodies

False

Ableism is an evaluative perspective that leads people to pity or patronize those with a disability

True

People in the baby boom generation in the United States are challenging ageist beliefs and myths about older people

True

As people age in the United States, participation in physical activities and sports is no longer influenced by gender, social class, race and ethnicity

False

A physical impairment becomes a disability when social and physical barriers interfere with full participation in a society

True

The Americans with Disabilities Act has changed the culture of youth sports in the United States so that most children with disabilities are meaningfully included in sports programs

False

The paralympic games were developed by the leaders of the International Olympic committee (IOC) because they wanted to support injured war veterans

False

Around the world, most people with a disability look to athletes in the paralympics as inspirational heroes and role models

False

What is ableist ideology?

Ideas used to identify people as able or disabled physically and intellectually

What does the ableist ideology overlook?

-Physical and intellectual variations in humans

-the specific situations and contexts that people are in

-not clear where ability starts or finishes

What is ageism?

-Favoring one age group over another

-typically favoring younger ages

What are examples of national and international sports competitions for older people?

-National Senior Games (50 and up)

-International Masters Games (30 and up)

What is the difference between an impairment and a disability?

-Impairment is a physical or intellectual trait

-disability is the resulting functional limitation in performing a certain activity

When does impairment become a disability?

When the impairment exists and there are no accommodations are made for it

What are the barriers to sports participation for people with a disability?

Resources, money, programs, support, protective family, expertise to teach, accessibility at event spaces

What are some major sports events for people with disabilities?

-Paralympics

-special olympics

-deaf olympics

What is the goal of commercial sports?

To make money

What societies are commercial sports most likely to prosper?

-Population dense places

-places with a high quality of life

-places with a market economy

-places with a capital to build stadiums and venues

Why has golf become a major commercial sport in certain countries?

Because it's watched and enjoyed by the wealthy

What are the reasons for the globalization of commercial sports?

Looking for new ways to maximize profits and expand the markets

Commercialization shifts orientation from skills to spectacle or also known as...

Aesthetics to heroics

How is spectator interest created?

-Spectator attachment

-uncertainty of the outcome

-stacked odds

-display of excellence

Successful commercial sports are organized to maximize the probability that...

all spectator interest factors will exist in the event

The relationship between team owners in the major professional men's team sport in America represents a form of...

Cartel

Do major professional men's teams in the US receive public assistance?

Yes trough public assistance, support construction, and taxes

What happens during a televised representation of a sporting event, and how accurate is it?

Specific things are highlighted and edited so you aren't getting the full picture or a 100% accurate representation

How do those who control the media influence sport?

People with power and money choose what we see and what we don't see under different goals, whether that is sports, events, or people

How has new media such as social and digital media impacted sport?

It changes the way we view, consume and produce sport content

Whose interests does media coverage of sport represent today?

Owners and those who control and profit from sports

What institutions have been active in sponsoring and endorsing sports?

-various industries from apparel and beverages to finance and technology

-high schools

Final Extra Credit

1968 Olympics in Mexico City - Tommie Smith & John Carlos

Research shows modest differences between students who play varsity sports and those who don't. How do sociologists explain this difference?

-Students who play sports show higher grades, more interest in curriculum, and higher education

-Found that coaches would select their teams based on abilities, grades, and past experience

-Athletes get extra support and have an easier time during the athletic selection process in high school, so we cannot say that their success is always from sport

What is the main challenge for D1 athletes in D1 universities?

They have a hard time balancing school and sport (Dual career challenge)

AGG measure that compares athletes with full time students and found that...

-Student athletes have a worse graduation rate compared to normal full time students

-female student athletes have a higher graduation rate than males but it is still lower than the general full time student body

-Students graduate worse from top schools with top athletic profiles

Universities spend millions of dollars on sports because they believe they provide an educational experience for athletes but...

this has been found to be not true

How are traditional protestant religious beliefs related to modern sports?

The seven virtues are used to explain why a capitalist system works well and western modern sports are based on similar values

How is religion related to gender issues in sports?

-In some cases, women face limitations or cannot compete in some sports or events

-France with the hijab

What was the motivation of many Jewish athletes who excelled in sports?

Response to stereotypes of antisemitism

Sumo has strong ties to...

Shinto

What are traditional games among native americans often connected to?

Animistic games linking spiritual aspects to the natural world

What do traditional Chinese religions and life philosophies emphasize?

-Harmony with nature and peace in life

-plays to how they value and use their bodies

When people argue against interscholastic sports, they emphasize that public schools should not be concerned with the physical fitness and general health of students.

False

Research shows that most of the differences between athletes and other students are due to the selection-in and filtering-out processes that occur in connection with school sports.

True

The meanings given to being on school sports teams vary from one school to another and from one athlete to another, depending on their gender, race, ethnicity, social class, and disability.

True

Playing sports has gradually become a more important source of popularity for girls than for boys in high school.

False

Athletes in big-time college sports programs are much better at managing dual career conflict than the athletes in low profile sports programs.

False

Academic support programs that help Division I athletes deal with the demands of their dual careers have been created by joint efforts between coaches and faculty members at their universities.

false

The athletes who deal most effectively with dual career conflict are those who know that there is a professional sports contract waiting for them after graduation.

False

One of the major issues facing high school and college sports programs is the growing budget inequality between schools currently playing at the same competitive level.

True

According to the Adjusted Graduation Gap data on graduation rates, football and both men's and women's basketball players in the major conferences and on top ranked teams graduate at lower rates than other Division I athletes in the same sports and at lower rates than their peers in the student body at their schools.

True

Class relations are connected with commercial sports in any society because people with money promote and sponsor sports that support their interests.

True

Television companies cover golf tournaments because golf is such a popular sport among men and women across all social classes.

False

The corporate branding of sports has generally declined over the past 20 years.

False

When sports become commercialized there is a tendency for aesthetic orientations to be replaced by heroic orientations.

True

The global marketing reach of the two major soccer clubs in Spain extends far beyond the reach of any team or sports organization in the United States.

True

As commercialization increases, the decision-making in sports organizations moves closer and closer to the interests and concerns of athletes.

False

The incomes of professional athletes show that there is a growing gap between the incomes of the most highly paid athletes and all other athletes.

True

The owners of major North American professional sports are capitalists, but they receive many forms of public assistance that benefit them financially.

True

Owning sports teams is most likely to be profitable when sports leagues are organized as cartels and operate as monopolies.

True

The new media have transferred almost unlimited power into the hands of consumers and undermined the power of corporations and large sports organizations.

False

Nearly all television broadcasts of sports events are sponsored by large capitalist corporations to increase their profits and power.

True

Fantasy sports are unique because they give fans a sense of control and power over players at the same time that they connect fans with each other.

True

Esports have been strongly endorsed by the NCAA but largely rejected by the National Federation of State High School associations.

False

Media rights fees for major sports events have increased steadily between 1980 and 2000 but have declined dramatically since then.

False

Most of the people who play sport video games today also tend to be regular consumers of standard sport media events.

True

ESPN continues to encourage their investigative reporters to deal with controversial issues in sports, even when they conflict with the interests of sports organizations.

False

The media most dependent on sports are books and magazines.

False

Media representations of sports usually are constructed to challenge prevailing ideas and values in a society.

False