Infectious Disease of Cardiovascular and Lymph System

What disease causes Covid-19

SARS-CoV-2

What disease causes a cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, vomitting, diarrhea, skin rashes, heart damage, joint pain and blood clots

covid-19

What is MIS and what disease is it associated with?

multisystem inflammatory syndrome. There is adult and children versions and it is characterized by fever and severe inflammation in the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, and or gastrointestinal organs

What are the pathogenesis and virulence factors of SARS-CoV-2

1) An S protein of the virus attaches to a host cell protein called ACE-2 and uses it to enter the cell. When the S protein binds to ACE-2 is temporarily blocks inflammation which later can cause hyperinflammation.

2) immune complexes binding to the lining of blood vessels, leading to compliment activation

3) covid breaks the immune systems tolerance to self producing large quanities of autoantibodies

what test is used to diagnose covid-19

PT-PCR AND IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTS MEASURING BOTH ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY

What are the names of the Covid Vaccines

1) Pfizer, BioNTech, moderna: the mRNA is encased in a lipid envelope that penetrates hosts cells, delivers the mRNA, and causes the cell to produce and display the spike protein, educating the immune system so that it will respond forcefull to natural infections

2) viral vector vaccine contains a modified adenovirus that is harmless to humans which delivers the DNA to the nucleus of the human cell which produces the coronavirus spike protein

what drug is used to treat COVID

paxlovid

What disease has these symptoms: increased breathing, altered mental state, shaking chills, gastrointestinal symptoms, respiratory alkalosis, and low blood pressure

Septicemia (Sepsis)

how is low blood pressure caused in septicemia

the inflammatory respnonse to infectious agents in the blood stream which leads to loss of fluid from the vasculature

what type of organism mostly causes septicemia

bacteria (MRSA is a very common cause)

What are the Virulence factors of Sepsis

1) large amounts of endotoxin released into bloodstream stimulating massive inflammatory response mediated by a host of cytokines (leads to low bp this causes a condition called endotoxin shock)

2) fragments of gram+ bacteria causes a cascade of events when fragments of their cell walls are released into the blood

what is the transmission of sepsis

1) parenteral introduction of the microorganism via intravenous lines or surgical procedures

2) UTI or renal, prostatic, pancreatic or gallbladder abcesses

What is endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium

What disease has the symptoms of fever, fatigue, joint pain, edema, weakness, anemia, abnormal heartbeat, similar symptoms to myocardial infarction, petechiae, red, painless skin spots on the palms and soles and small nodes on the pads of fingers

acute and subacute endocarditis

What bacteria causes the most cases of acute endocarditis

staphylococcus aureus but streptococcus pygoenes, Step. pneumoniae, enterococcus and pseudomonas aeruginosa cause it too

what is the most common route of transmission for acute endocarditis

parenteral (via direct entry into the body)

tramuatic injuries and surgical procedures can also introduce the large number of bacteria required for the cute form of endocarditis

subacute endocarditis usually is precipitated by damage to what?

the heart valves or by congenital malformation

what is the most common causative agent of subacute endocarditis

low pathogenicity bacteria, often originating in the oral cavity

alpha-hemolytic streptococci such as streptococcus sanguis, S. oralis and S. mutans are often responsible

transmission of subacute endocarditis

minor disruptions in the skin or mucsous membranes such as those induced by overly vigorous tooth brushing, dental procedures, or minor cuts or lacerations

prevention of subacute endocarditis

prophylactic antibiotics are prescribed for patients before surgery

what are Hemorrhagic Fever Diseases

a disease that is caused by a number of agents that infect the blood and lymphatics which cause extreme fevers and internal hemorrhaging

what are the 4 hemorrhagic fever diseases

yellow fever virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, Ebola and Marburg Fevers, Lassa Fevers

What diseases are caused by Aedes mosquitos

yellow fever virus, dengue fever, Chikungunya.

What are Nonhemorrhagic Fever disease

when an infectious disease results in a syndrome characterized by high fever but w/o the capillary fragility that leads to hemorrhagic symptoms

What is brucellosis

a disease that causes severe outbreaks of placental infections in live stock

signs of brucellosis

local lesions in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and kidney. The cardinal manifestation of human brucellosis is a fluctuating pattern of fever

what is the causative agent of brucellosis

brucella bacteria which is a G- coccobacilli. Several species can cause this disease in humans B. Melitensis, B. abortus and B. suis

Pathogenesis and Virulence of Brucella

it enters through the damaged skin or via mucous membranes of the digestive tract, conjunctiva, and respiratory tract. It is then taken up by phagocytic cells (not killed) and is transported through blood stream to various organs

What is Q fever caused by

Coxiella burnetti

How do humans get Q fever

environmental contamination and airborne spread. other sources of infectious material include urine, feces, milk, and airborne particles from infected animals.

What causes Cat-Scratch Disease

Bartonella henselae

what drug is used to treat Cat Scratch Disease

azithromycin, erythromycin, and rifampin