Social Science: Identity, Politics, and Economics Review

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering socialization, identity theories, political ideologies, democracy, and economic systems based on lecture notes.

Socialization

The process where the individual learns the society's norms, values, and rules to function within the community.

Primary socialization

Socialization within close relations, especially the family, where the child learns the first norms and values.

Secondary socialization

Socialization outside the home, such as in schools, institutions, sports clubs, and among friends.

Double socialization

When a child learns at an early age to navigate both the family and institutions/school.

Lars Dencik

The theorist behind double socialization and the butterfly model.

Butterfly model ($Sommerfuglemodellen$)

A model showing the child positioned between the family on one side and institutions/school on the other.

Multi-socialization

When an individual is socialized through many arenas, such as family, school, friends, social media, and leisure life.

Dion Sommer

The theorist behind the multi-socialization model.

Norm

A rule or expectation for how one should behave.

Formal norms

Written rules and laws, such as legislation.

Informal norms

Unwritten rules, such as raising one's hand in class.

Internalization

When norms become a natural part of the individual, so they are followed without thinking about it.

Sanction

A reaction to behavior, which can be positive (e.g., praise) or negative (e.g., punishment).

Social control

When society or a group makes the individual follow norms through sanctions.

Social role

The expectations attached to a specific position, such as being a student, friend, or parent.

Role conflict

When one's own expectations of a role do not match the expectations of the surroundings.

Identity

The way one understands oneself and the way others perceive one.

$I$-identity

The innermost core of the human being: \"What am I?\"

Personal identity

The way one wishes to appear to others.

Social identity

The way others perceive an individual through social roles and positions.

Collective identity

The feeling of belonging to a larger group, such as Danes, Muslims, or young people.

Carsten René Jørgensen

The theorist behind the four levels of identity.

Primary group

A close group with strong emotional bonds, such as the family.

Secondary group

A larger group with less close relations, such as a school class.

Reference group

A group one looks up to and is inspired by, without necessarily being a member.

George Herbert Mead

The theorist who explains identity through role-taking.

Role-taking

When one learns to see oneself from the outside and understand the expectations of others.

The generalized other

The societal gaze where one understands general norms and rules.

$I$ and $Me$

Mead's concepts: \"$I$\" is the spontaneous self, while \"$Me$\" is the socially formed part of the identity.

Hofstede's onion model

A model showing the layers of culture: symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.

Benedict Anderson

The theorist behind the term imagined communities.

Imagined communities

The idea that the nation is a community where citizens feel a sense of belonging even though they do not know each other.

I-culture ($Jeg-kultur$)

A culture focused on the individual, independence, and personal freedom.

We-culture ($Vi-kultur$)

A culture focused on the family, community, and traditional norms.

Thomas Hylland Eriksen

A theorist focused on identity among immigrants and descendants.

Pure identity

When one strongly adheres to one culture or religion and separates oneself from others.

Hyphenated identity ($Bindestregsidentitet$)

When one attempts to balance between two cultures, e.g., Danish-Palestinian.

Creole identity

When elements from several cultures are mixed to create a new identity.

Assimilation

When minorities are expected to give up their own culture and adapt to the majority culture.

Pluralistic integration

When minorities preserve parts of their own culture while participating in society.

Axel Honneth

The theorist behind the theory of recognition.

Love recognition

Recognition from close relations, such as family and friends.

Legal recognition

Being treated as an equal citizen with the same rights as others.

Solidary recognition

When one's qualities and contributions are valued by the community.

Erving Goffman

The theorist who describes identity as a theatrical performance.

Face

The social mask one wears when meeting others.

Frontstage

When one performs for others and adapts to their expectations.

Backstage

When one withdraws and can relax without an audience.

Anthony Giddens

The theorist of late-modern society, reflexivity, and identity as a project.

De-traditionalization

When traditions and fixed authorities lose their significance.

Individualization

When the individual gains greater responsibility for creating their own life.

Reflexivity

When the individual constantly considers their choices and identity.

Expert systems

Systems and experts we must trust, such as doctors, teachers, and pedagogues.

Ontological security

The feeling of knowing who one is and that one's life makes meaningful sense.

Thomas Ziehe

The theorist of cultural release and youth identity in late-modern society.

Cultural release ($Kulturel frisættelse$)

When the individual is freed from traditions and must create their own life.

Malleability ($Formbarhed$)

The idea that the body, identity, and life can be shaped and changed.

Subjectivization

When the individual seeks emotional closeness, confirmation, and recognition.

Ontologization

When the individual seeks fixed values and meaning in life.

Potentiation ($Potensering$)

When the individual seeks intensity, excitement, and boundary-crossing experiences.

Ulrich Beck

The theorist behind the risk society and institutionalized individualization.

Risk society

A society characterized by man-made risks, such as climate, pandemics, and nuclear weapons.

Choice biography

Beck's concept that an individual's life is shaped through choices.

David Riesman

The theorist behind social characters like tradition-directed, inner-directed, and other-directed.

Other-directed ($Gruppestyret$)

A personality type in late-modern society directed by others' opinions and anxiety.

Thomas Højrup

The theorist behind lifeform analysis.

Wage-earner lifeform ($Lønmodtagerlivsform$)

A lifeform where work is seen as a means to leisure and private life.

Minerva model

A model that divides the population into segments based on values and lifestyle.

Pierre Bourdieu

The theorist of habitus, capital, and social inequality.

Habitus

The habits, attitudes, and ways of thinking acquired through upbringing and social background.

Economic capital

Money and material resources.

Cultural capital

Education, knowledge, language, and cultural competencies.

Social capital

Networks and relations that can be used as a resource.

Field ($Felt$)

A social area with its own rules, such as school, the labor market, or politics.

Basil Bernstein

The theorist behind language codes and social inequality.

Social inheritance ($Social arv$)

When social conditions, education, and life chances are inherited from parents by children.

Social mobility

When persons move up or down in the social layers of society.

Pattern breaker ($Mønsterbryder$)

A person who breaks with their social inheritance, e.g., obtaining a longer education than their parents.

Absolute poverty

When one lacks basic needs like food, water, and housing.

Relative poverty

When one has significantly fewer resources than the majority in society.

Liberalism

An ideology emphasizing individual freedom, private property rights, and a limited state.

John Locke

A liberal thinker who believed people have the right to life, liberty, and property.

Adam Smith

The thinker behind economic liberalism and the idea of the invisible hand.

Night-watchman state ($Natvægterstat$)

A minimal state that only handles the police, military, and courts.

Conservatism

An ideology emphasizing traditions, order, community, and gradual changes.

Edmund Burke

The father of conservatism, critical of rapid revolutionary changes.

Organic conception of society

The view of society as an organism where everyone has a function.

Socialism

An ideology emphasizing equality, community, and the state's role in reducing inequality.

Karl Marx

The thinker behind Marxism and the critique of capitalism.

Social democracy ($Socialdemokratisme$)

Reformist socialism that accepts the market but wants a strong welfare state.

Populism

A political current claiming to speak the people's cause against the elite.

Identity politics

Politics focusing on specific groups' identity, recognition, and violations.

Structural discrimination

When society's norms or institutions provide certain groups with poorer opportunities.

Catch-all party

A party that attempts to appeal broadly to many different voters.

Issue-ownership

When a party is perceived as particularly strong on a specific political issue.

Downs model

A model explaining parties and voters as rational and vote-maximizing.

Molins model

A model explaining party behavior based on interest, strategic, and personal factors.

David Easton

The political scientist who defined politics and created the model of the political system.

Robert A. Dahl

A democracy researcher who established five criteria for democracy.

Enlightened understanding ($Begrundet indsigt$)

Dahl's criterion that citizens have access to information and alternative sources.