Premodern Part 1

Mohammad

Founder and prophet of Islam

Alcuin of York

Scholar who introduced Anglo-Saxon humanism to western Europe

Innocent III

was a pope who was head of the Catholic church who expanded the pope authority 

John Wycliffe

English theologian who taught at University of Oxford who challenged the fundamental position of the medieval church: that the avenue to salvation passed through the church alone

Jan Hus

advocated vernacular translations of the Bible, which would be accessible to common people, and he upbraided the upper clergy for their luxury and immorality

John Calvin

humans cannot do anything to be saved only through God

Ignatius Loyola:

Spanish reformed who created a new religious order, fused the intellectual rigor of humanism with a reformed Catholicism, forming a renewed spirituality with wide appeal 

Charlemagne

King of the Franks who united most of Europe

William the Conqueror

Duke of Normandy who claimed part of England

Philip IV (of France)

Engaged in a struggle with the papacy and summoned the Estates General

Niccolò Machiavelli:

attached the medieval and humanist tradition of theoretical politics , the first major modern political thinker 

Sir Thomas More:

became Lord Chancellor in 1529 who was known for his wisdom

Peter the Great

The Emperor of Russia was known for modernizing the country

Medina

one of the most sacred cities in Islam where Mohammad establish Islam

Treaty of Verdun

Divided the Frankish Empire into 3 kingdoms

Crusades

Military battles to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims

Hundred Years’ War

 Destructive conflict in medieval Europe