CSET Multiple Subject Subtest 1

Phonology

Study of the way sounds function in particular language

Syntax

Sentence structure

Morphology

Study of morphemes. Morphemes are a meaningful unit.

Semantics

Study of how sounds, words, phrases and sentences combine to convey meaning and content

Uni

Universal grammar

Theory of linguistics that says there is an underlying principle of grammar in all languages that children innately learn.

Holophrastic speech

One word utterances, is typical of children from 1-2 years.

Infinitive

Always has "to" with the verb

Gerund

Form of a verb that is used as a noun

Discrete

Separate, distinct, different

Etymology

Helps us understand the meaning of words by tracing history and origins & studying how they have changed over time.

Denotation

Literal, or dictionary meaning of a word

Connotation

Subjective meaning of a word or phrase. Can be influenced by emotion and culture.

Pragmatic

Looks at the connection between language, meaning and the social and cultural context of the communicators

Alphabetic principle

Relationship between sounds and symbols.

BF Skinner

Argues that children learn language, or verbal behavior through conditioning and reinforcement. Children will learn to use correct grammar by being positively reinforced and will be discouraged from using incorrect grammar through negative reinforcement.

Noam Chomsky

Humans have an innate ability to learn language. Calls this ability, language acquisition device. Theorized that universal rules of grammar underlie all languages and only surface aspects of language, like vocab.

Primary language development

Occurs in 6 major stages: birth-1yr; 1-2yrs; 3-5yrs; 6-10yrs; 7 yrs; 8 yrs.

Expository writing

Nonfiction; letters, reports, news stories. Explains/analyzes/discusses/presents facts.

Persuasive writing

Attempts to convince reader or prove an idea or point of view. Advertising, political speeches, etc.

Interpretive writing

Attempts to help the reader decode and understand meaning of events. Accepts that there may be several interpretations, but doesn't try and prove correct.

Code of Hammurabi

1772 BCE. Established the idea that one is innocent until proven guilty and that both sides in a dispute have a right to present evidence for their defense.

Hatshepsut

1473-1458 BCE established extensive trade networks, and built great temples and monuments

Ramses the Great

1279-1213 BCE built temples, cities and monuments; established Egyptian control over much of Nubia and the Middle East

What did Chinese introduce?

Paper & gunpowder

Rome gave America

Code of laws, written constitution, a tripartite government, system of checks and balances, and the concept of civic duty

When did Rome lose power?

476 CE

Mayas

Agricultural people; lived in Honduras, Guatemala, northern El Salvador & central Mexico. Had a hieroglyphic writing system; sophisticated knowledge of math & astronomy; temples, palaces and stepped pyramids; calendar system.

Aztecs

Agriculturists; lived in central Mexico. Spoke Nahuatl; social hierarchy - nobles and commoners & worshipped a pantheon of deities. Highly cultured and produced written books called codices, poetry, drama, music, etc.

Incas

Origin - Peru. Quechua is the official language. Main deity is the sun God & their king was considered child of the sun god. Produced ceramics, gold and silver items; their healers performed successful skull surgeries. Terraced agriculture

Who legitimized Christianity?

Emperor Constantine

After fall of Rome, Christianity became dominant religion

Renaissance

Began in Italy in 14th century; means "rebirth". Attempt to revive classic culture after the dark period of the Middle Ages.

Johannes Gutenburg

Introduced printing press around 1440; helped bring literacy to the masses

Scientific revolution

Began in 16th century; brought changes to research and experimentation in the sciences, especially physics, math, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry.

Enlightenment

Laid the groundwork for the overthrow of monarchies and the introduction of a market system

Jamestown, VA

First permanent English settlement in North America

Plymouth colony

Second successful English settlement

Mayflower compact

Social contract established by a group of English Dissenters, in 1620

Magna Carta

1215, in England; challenged the undemocratic authority of the monarch and established the right of individuals to due process; meaning the government cannot harm any individual unless it strictly follows the law

Stamp Act of 1765

Levied a tax on American colonies, from the British; colonists rebelled "no taxation without representation"

1773 Boston Tea Party

Colonists dumped the tea into the Boston harbor.

1774, British parliament passed Intolerable Acts, limiting self-gov in Massachusetts

American Revolutionary War

1775-1783

Battles of Lexington & Concord - started war.

Treaty of Paris in 1783

Officially ended the war and declared the US to be a sovereign nation

Abigail Adams

Favored women's rights & opposed slavery. Requested continental congress not put unlimited power into the hands of men, or the women would rebel.

Molly Pitcher (aka Mary Ludwig Hayes)

Brought water to soldiers in Revolutionary War. At the Battle of Monmouth, her husband was killed and she took his place at the cannon. George Washington honored her with the status of noncommissioned office

Phyllis Wheatley

Gambian woman sold into slavery. Became a well known poet in the 13 colonies. Was later published by Thomas Gaine; a poem that was praising George Washington.

Mercy Otis Warren

Poet, playwright, political writer and historian of the revolutionary war; she criticized British royalty and urged the colonial rebellion.

Separation of powers

Judicial branch, executive branch and legislative branch.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the 13 colonies; ratified by all states in 1781

US Constitution

Replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1787; lays out the reasons for existence. Describes branches of government;

Louisiana Purchase

1803; US acquired from France what is now most of Midwest.

Industrial Revolution