unit 6 vocab ap world

Economic Imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, often used as a justification for racism and imperialist expansion.

Civilizing Mission

The concept that Western nations could bring 'advanced' science and economic development to non-Western parts of the world, justifying imperial administration.

White Man's Burden

The belief that Europeans had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those deemed 'less civilized,' originally coined by Rudyard Kipling.

Belgian Congo

Exploited by King Leopold II, who violated agreements and stripped the country of its resources while abusing its people.

Settler Colony

A type of colonialism where foreign settlers move to and permanently reside in non-native land, aiming to dominate the region.

Indian Revolt of 1857

A revolt by Sepoys against the British East India Company that led to full British control over India.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between Great Britain and China over the opium trade, ending with the Treaty of Nanjing.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1899 rebellion in China by a secret society opposing foreign influence, ended by British troops.

Taiping Rebellion

A violent 14-year revolt against the Manchu Dynasty due to dissatisfaction with foreign interference and internal issues.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in China controlled by foreign nations that affected economic developments like trade and mining.

Ethnic Enclave

A region with a high concentration of a specific ethnic group distinct from surrounding areas.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

A US law that denied entry to Chinese laborers while allowing students and merchants, reflecting racial prejudice.

White Australia Policy

A policy imposing strict immigration limitations on non-white individuals in Australia before 1973.

Treaty of Nanjing

The treaty that ended the Opium Wars and diminished China's power, establishing five treaty ports for Westerners.

British East India Company

A joint-stock company that controlled most of India until 1857 when British governmental control was established.

Berlin Conference

A meeting during which European nations agreed on rules for the colonization of Africa.

Indentured Servitude

Labor under contract for a fixed period, often exploited and used as a replacement for slave labor.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

King Leopold II

The Belgian king who opened the African interior to European trade along the Congo River and controlled the area known as the Congo Free State.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Direct Resistance

A refusal to act - not doing what the enemy wants.

Tupac Amaru

The last Inca emperor; a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.

Yaa Asantewaa

Queen of the Asantes that led the fight against the British in the last Asante War.

1857 Rebellion

Also called Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence; a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India.

Sokoto Caliphate

Large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act.

Zulu Kingdom

A monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean.

Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight; crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

A pivotal movement that broke and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion in South Africa by the British.

Mahdist Revolt

In 1882, a revolution led by Muhammad Ahmad who proclaimed himself the Mahdi.

Export Economy

A type of economy where goods are produced mainly for export rather than for domestic use.

Economic Imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire over opium importation, leading to the Treaty of Nanking.

Convict Labor

A system of penal labor practiced in the Southern United States after the Civil War.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States.

White Australia Policy

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia.

Samory Toure

Leader of the Malinke peoples in West Africa who fought against the French.

Sino-Japanese War

War between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan.

British East India Company

A joint-stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism.

Settler Colonies

Colonies where colonizers settled in large numbers, particularly in North America.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where European nations agreed on rules for the colonization of Africa.

Boer War

Conflict between Dutch colonists and the British for control of South Africa.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers who held political power after 1910.

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region where a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

Taiping Rebellion

A mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in China opposing foreign influence, ended by British troops.

French Indochina

Southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism.

Siam

The Kingdom known today as Thailand, remained independent during the 19th century due to its location.

Penal Colony

A colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison.

Treaty of Waitangi

Treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand.

Monroe Doctrine

American policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the United States was destined to rule the continent from Atlantic to Pacific.

Spanish-American War

Conflict in 1898 between the U.S. and Spain supporting the Cubans' fight for independence.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. rights to intervene in Latin America.

The Great Game

Rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

A congressional act authorizing the removal of Native Americans east of the Mississippi River.

Sepoys

Indian troops.

Philippine-American War

Armed conflict from 1899-1902 between the Philippines and the U.S. over independence.

Aboriginal People

Original settlers of Australia, migrating from Asia over 40,000 years ago.

Maori

Indigenous people of New Zealand.

Pan-Africanism

A movement that stressed unity among all Africans.

Cecil Rhodes

Played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa, with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Apartheid

A policy or system of segregation or discrimination based on race in South Africa.

Banana Republic

Term used to describe Central American nations dominated by U.S. business interests.

Indentured Servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies and agreed to work for a specific time.

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland.

Ethnic Enclave

A small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture.