HAP Exam 2 MC

Which chamber does blood enter first after returning from the body?

Right atrium

Which vessel type is most involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Arteriole

What is most likely affected if signaling between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland is impaired?

Infundibulum

What is the most likely outcome of a tumor disrupting blood flow in the hypophyseal portal system?

Hypothalamic hormones cannot regulate anterior pituitary function

Where is the dysfunction in a patient with low cortisol, low ACTH, and high CRH?

Pituitary gland

What is it called when a cell decreases the number of receptors for a hormone after prolonged exposure?

Down-regulation

What pattern is expected in a patient with high circulating thyroid hormone?

Low TRH, low TSH

What type of hormone binds receptors inside the nucleus and alters gene expression over hours to days?

Steroid hormone

What pathway is activated during a stressful situation leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure?

Sympathetic NS → adrenal medulla → epinephrine

What best describes the transition from early to late immune response?

Innate immunity limits spread and activates adaptive immunity

What happens if interferons are not released?

Increased viral reproduction

What is the best definition of diastole?

Relaxation of the ventricles

Which defense is most responsible when a splinter introduces bacteria but infection doesn't establish?

Physical barriers and innate defenses

What happens if MHC I expression on infected cells is blocked?

Cytotoxic T cells cannot recognize and kill infected cells

What tissue forms the valves in veins to prevent backflow?

Tunica intima

What is the cardiac output if HR = 70 bpm and SV = 80 mL?

5600 mL/min

What is the most likely effect of increased sympathetic stimulation?

Increase heart rate and stroke volume

What happens at the capillary level if plasma proteins increase?

Increased reabsorption into capillaries

What is the outcome when a hormone travels bound to carrier proteins and binds intracellular receptors?

Binds intracellular receptors and alters gene transcription

What best describes the difference between nervous system control and endocrine?

Uses electrical signals for rapid, short-term effects

What stimulates calcitonin release directly?

Elevated blood calcium

What occurs in an Rh-negative patient exposed to Rh-positive blood during a second exposure?

Agglutination due to antibody formation

What would occur if cardiac muscle lacked a plateau phase?

Sustained contraction similar to skeletal muscle tetany

What sequence explains what happens at the injury site?

Inflammation → increased capillary permeability → increased interstitial fluid

What is the most important role of nearby lymph nodes?

Filtration of lymph and activation of the adaptive response

Which statement best describes the transition from early to late stages of the immune response?

Innate immunity limits spread and activates adaptive immunity

If interferons were not released, which of the following is likely?

Increased viral reproduction

Blood returning from the lungs enters which chamber first?

Left atrium

Which vessel type is MOST specialized for exchange of gases and nutrients?

Capillary

A patient experiences chronic stress leading to prolonged elevation of cortisol. Which BEST describes the control and effect of this response?

Hormonal control via ACTH; long-term metabolic changes

A tumor disrupts blood flow in the hypophyseal portal system. Which outcome is MOST likely?

Hypothalamic hormones cannot regulate anterior pituitary function

A patient presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Labs show low T3/T4, high TSH, high TRH. Which is the MOST likely location of dysfunction?

Thyroid gland

A cell increases the number of receptors for a hormone after prolonged low exposure. What is this called?

Up-regulation

A patient has low circulating thyroid hormone (TH). What pattern would you expect if the hypothalamus and pituitary are functioning normally?

High TRH, high TSH

Which type of hormone is released into the bloodstream, travels freely without binding proteins, and binds to receptors on the cell membrane to produce a rapid response?

Peptide hormone

A patient is exposed to a severe acute stressor followed by prolonged stress. Which combination BEST describes the physiological responses?

Acute: neural control → epinephrine; Chronic: hormonal control → cortisol

Which of the following BEST defines systole?

Contraction of the ventricles

A patient has HR = 60 bpm, SV = 80 mL. What is cardiac output?

4800 mL/min

Increased sympathetic stimulation will MOST likely do what?

Increase heart rate and stroke volume

If plasma proteins increase, what happens at the capillary level?

Increased reabsorption into capillaries

A patient receives an injection of a hormone that quickly increases heart rate within seconds. What characteristic BEST explains this rapid response?

The hormone binds to membrane receptors and activates second messenger systems

Which of the following BEST distinguishes endocrine signaling from nervous system signaling?

Endocrine signaling produces slower, longer-lasting effects

What is a hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release hormones called?

Tropic hormone

A patient with Rh-negative blood is exposed to Rh-positive blood. What occurs upon second exposure?

Agglutination due to antibody formation

If cardiac muscle lacked a plateau phase, what would MOST likely occur?

Sustained contraction similar to muscle tetany

A splinter introduces bacteria into the skin, but pathogens never establish infection. Which defense is MOST responsible?

Physical barriers and innate defenses

A researcher blocks MHC I expression on infected cells. Which outcome is MOST likely?

Cytotoxic T cells cannot recognize and kill infected cells

Which tissue layer comprises the valves in veins that help prevent backflow?

Tunica intima

Why is this patient at increased risk of infection in the affected limb?

Lymph nodes are no longer available to filter lymph and activate immune responses

Which mechanism BEST explains the swelling in this patient?

Impaired lymphatic return of interstitial fluid to circulation

Which characteristic BEST explains the rapid response of a hormone that quickly increases heart rate?

The hormone binds to membrane receptors and activates second messenger systems.

What BEST distinguishes endocrine signaling from nervous system signaling?

Endocrine signaling produces slower, longer-lasting effects.

What is a hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release hormones called?

Tropic hormone

What is it called when a cell increases the number of receptors for a hormone after prolonged low exposure?

Up-regulation

What hormone levels would you expect if a patient has low circulating thyroid hormone and the hypothalamus and pituitary are functioning normally?

High TRH, high TSH

Which type of hormone is released into the bloodstream, travels freely, binds to receptors on the cell membrane, and produces a rapid response?

Peptide hormone

What describes the control and effect of prolonged elevation of cortisol due to chronic stress?

Hormonal control via ACTH; long-term metabolic changes

What is the MOST likely outcome if a tumor disrupts blood flow in the hypophyseal portal system?

Hypothalamic hormones cannot regulate anterior pituitary function

Which chamber does blood returning from the lungs enter first?

Left atrium

Which vessel type is MOST specialized for exchange of gases and nutrients?

Capillary

Why is a patient at increased risk of infection in the affected limb?

Lymph nodes are no longer available to filter lymph and activate immune responses

What mechanism best explains the swelling in a patient with impaired lymphatic return?

Impaired lymphatic return of interstitial fluid to circulation

Where is the MOST likely location of dysfunction in a patient with low T3/T4, high TSH, and high TRH?

Thyroid gland

What combination BEST describes the physiological responses to acute and chronic stress?

Acute: neural control → epinephrine; Chronic: hormonal control → cortisol

What BEST defines systole?

Contraction of the ventricles

What is the cardiac output for a patient with HR = 75 bpm and SV = 80 mL?

6000 mL/min

What is the MOST likely effect of increased sympathetic stimulation?

Increase heart rate and stroke volume

What happens at the capillary level if plasma proteins increase?

Increased reabsorption into capillaries

What occurs upon second exposure to Rh-positive blood in a patient with Rh-negative blood?

Agglutination due to antibody formation

What would MOST likely occur if cardiac muscle lacked a plateau phase?

Sustained contraction similar to skeletal muscle tetany

Which defense is MOST responsible for preventing infection when a splinter introduces bacteria into the skin?

Physical barriers and innate defenses

What is the MOST likely outcome if MHC I expression on infected cells is blocked?

Cytotoxic T cells cannot recognize and kill infected cells

What best describes the transition from early to late stages of the immune response?

Innate immunity limits spread and activates adaptive immunity

What is likely to happen if interferons are not released?

Increased viral reproduction