A&P II Unit 1 Test (Ch. 12, 13)

Farsightedness after the age of forty-five is most likely caused by

loss of lens capsule elasticity.

The hearing receptors are most closely associated with the

spiral organ

Which of the following is not a primary taste sensation?

Pungent

The taste receptor that amino acids such as glutamate activate is

Umami

Glaucoma is usually caused by

accumulation of aqueous humor

The sets of color receptors in the retina that are sensitive to light are

red, green, blue

Fibers of the spinothalamic tract transmit information to the

thalamus

The ability to ignore your socks around your ankles demonstrates

sensory adaption

Olfactory receptors, which provide the sense of smell, are

chemoreceptors

Jenny slurps up a plate of beef lo mein at a Chinese restaurant. "That tastes great, but I can't quite describe it." What type of taste sensation is she experiencing?

umami

A person who is colorblind lacks

one type of photopigment.

A pole vaulter keeps track of his position in mid-air through

proprioceptors

Another name for pain receptors is

nociceptors

A cochlear implant treats

sensorineural deafness

The condition in which some parts of an image are in focus on the retina and other parts are blurred is called

astigmatism

Stereoscopic vision results when the

images in the eyes are different.

As a result of the tympanic reflex,

vibrations are transmitted less effectively to the inner ear.

If you were a physician evaluating a young person who has conductive deafness, which of the following would you consider in your differential diagnosis?

a torn tympanic membrane

Anosmia is loss of

smell

Which of the following is part of the inner tunic of the eye?

retina

Smell and taste disorders may be caused by

a side effect of a drug.

infections that clog the nose.

a head injury.

allergies

All of the above

Pain receptors

respond to factors that can damage tissue

A chimp adopts two orphaned tiger cubs. They live in a zoo. The chimp has a more intense visual world than his adopted offspring because

she has three types of cones that connect individually to neural pathways to the brain. The cubs only have two types.

A type of receptor that does not trigger a sensation

monitors oxygen levels in the blood

Opiate drugs come from a

plant

Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate

uterine contractions

An up-regulated cell has an increase in

the number of receptors available for binding.

Growth hormone signals the release of

IGF-1

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine

and cortisol rise

David Vedder was known as the "bubble boy." He was born without a thymus gland. After he had a bone marrow transplant, he left his protective bubble - a set-up that kept him free of infection - but soon died of infection. He died because

the thymus produces white blood cells, which protect against infection.

In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, a symptom of hypoparathyroidism is

muscle cramps

All hormones are

organic compounds

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

Nonsteroid hormones cause _________________ in their target cells.

activation of adenylate cyclase

Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands

secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.

Hyperparathyroidism

-stimulates excessive osteoclast activity.

-softenes bones

-increases risk of spontaneous fractures.

-is most often caused by a tumor

all of the above

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system

may have a longer lasting effect

Pheromones differ from hormones in that

they are transmitted between members of the same species.

The specificity of hormone action derives from

target cell receptors that are unique for the hormone type

Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. The alcohol has

inhibited secretion of ADH.

The blood concentration of growth hormone

rises at puberty and levels off after adolescence.

Cushing syndrome

-is caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones.

-elevates blood glucose

-elevates sodium concentrations.

-decreases tissue protein.

all of the above

The pineal gland is located

attached to the thalamus

Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of

hyperthyroidism

Nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete

antidiuretic hormone.

The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is

melatonin

A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a

long half-life

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by

a disorder of the immune system

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

concentration of blood calcium

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

pancreas

Movement of hair cells in the semicircular canals signals

the direction of motion

Pain receptors differ from other somatic receptors by

adapting very little, if at all

Steroid hormones

-are soluble in lipids.

-combine with protein receptor molecules.

-cause messenger RNA synthesis.

-consist of complex organic rings

All of the above

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed

Paracrine

Pain impulses are first processed in the

gray matter of the posterior horn

Temperature senses use two types of

free nerve endings

Umami receptors sense

monosodium glutamate

If a person's right visual cortex is damaged, the injury will most likely affect vision from the

nasal side of one eye and the temporal side of the other eye.

Light is refracted when it passes

between media of different optical densities at an oblique angle.

The Golgi tendon organ is stimulated more when

muscle tension increases

Sensory impulses are stimulated at receptors by

-neurotransmitters.

-decreasing permeability of nerve cell membranes.

-changes in membrane permeability.

-changes in action potentials.

-none of the above

None of the above?

The war veteran experiences an intense burning sensation seeming to come from where his foot had been amputated. He most likely has

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Which of the following are paired correctly?

-chemoreceptors-stimulated by changes in concentration of chemical substances

-pain receptors-stimulated by damage to tissues

-thermoreceptors-stimulated by temperature changes

-baroreceptors-stimulated by blood pressure changes

All of the above

Receptors for the general senses are found

widely distributed throughout the body

Secretion of insulin causes

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from

insensitivity of cells to insulin

_________ inhibits secretion of prolactin.

Dopamine from the hypothalamus

Nonsteroid hormones cause _________________ in their target cells

activation of adenylate cyclase

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the

intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland

The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is

calcitonin

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

hypothalamus

In diabetes mellitus,

-fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood.

-weight is lost.

-the pancreas cannot produce insulin or the body cannot respond to it.

-insulin must be taken or drugs given that help the body to utilize insulin.

all of the above

Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the

liver

Cretinism is caused by

Hyperthyroidism

Irving, who is 78 years old, takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. He may be disappointed, because the hormone has been shown only to

decrease fat and increase muscle mass, but not improve strength

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

prolonged increase in the level of a hormone

Addison disease

-is caused by hyposecretion of cortical hormones.

-decreases blood sodium levels.

-increases blood potassium levels.

-lowers blood pressure.

all of the above

Henry has hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. He lacks

nociceptors

The range of human hearing is about

20-20,000 vibrations per second

Max returns to his dorm room late at night to find his roommate throwing up. The smell is at first so bad that Max wants to vomit too, but after helping his roommate clean up, the odor seems to fade. Max has experienced

sensory adaptation

Lorelei thinks of the days of the week and months of the year as particular colors. She has

synesthesia

A sensation is ______, and projection of a sensation is the ______.

a feeling that results from sensory stimulation; brain causing it to seem to come from the receptors being stimulated

Otosclerosis affects the

auditory ossicles

The brain interprets input from sensory receptors as

perception

Arnold enters a darkened movie theater on a sunny summer afternoon. It takes many minutes for his eyes to adapt to the darkness because

it takes some time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin stores from opsin and retinene.

The painkiller sold as Ziconotide comes from a

snail

Tropic hormones

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones

Hyperparathyroidism

-stimulates excessive osteoclast activity.

-softenes bones

-increases risk of spontaneous fractures.

-is most often caused by a tumor.

all of the above

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

anterior pituitary gland

A type of hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is a

-mineralocorticoid.

-glucocorticoid.

-aldosterone.

-melatonin

none of the above

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by

neurosecretory cells

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

vasopressin

Up-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone

Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO) because this hormone

increases the number of red blood cells

What percentage of T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues?

33%

Growth hormone

-enhances the movement of amino acids into cells.

-increases the rate of protein synthesis.

-increases the rate of fat metabolism.

-enlarges cells

all of the above

With age,

levels of GH decrease but of ADH increase.

Thyroxine

enhances the rate at which proteins are synthesized.