All Euro Units 1-9 Key Terms

Greek Golden Age

5th and 4th century B.C.E.

A period where progress flourished in ancient Greece e.g. Architecture, philosophy, etc.

Foundational for western civilization and architecture. Lots of information was pulled from the golden age.

Greek Philosophy

Flourished during Greek Golden Age

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

Athenian Democracy

Direct democracy, any adult male over 20 could vote

Socrates

Athenian philosopher

Never wrote anything down

Philosophy should be used for the betterment of society

Wanted ethics to be based on reason instead of religion

Socratic Method

Created by Socrates

Use questions and answers to stimulate critical thinking

Plato

Disciple of Socrates, wrote down many of his teachings

Believed that the ends justify the means

Philosopher kings - rulers should apply philosophy in their actions

Plato's Republic

Book written by Plato

Explores ideas of good government

Aristotle

Geocentric theory - Earth at center of universe + perfect circle orbits + stationary stars

Focus on virtue and a virtuous life

Heliocentrism

Sun is at the center of the solar system and the earth orbits around it

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

Roman Republic

Republic, not democracy

Plebeians and Patricians, lots of social class

12 Tables: Written law carved in stone so they were more permanent than other laws, and they were publicly displayed

Constantine

Made Christianity legal / stopped persecution of Christians.

Theodosius I

Made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

Gregory the Great

Started first large mission to convert people to Catholicism

Crusades

1st Crusade was the only one that succeeded. Crusades were religious wars meant to take back the holy land (Isreal)

Great Famine

1315-1317

Europe has its first bad weather in many years

Europe has maximum people it can support with good weather

Weather caused huge food shortages, many starved and died.

Black Death - Spread

Yersinia Pestis was the bacteria that probably caused the black death

Spread by fleas carried by rats on ships

Urban crowding and poor sanitation increases spread

Black Death - Death / destruction

33 - 50% of the population dies, around 75-100 million people

Some areas lost 90% of population

Medicine is poor and unhelpful which contributed to high death toll

Bloodletting, making homes unsanitary to scare off the plague are examples of "medicine"

Black Death - Reactions

People think God is punishing them

Some blamed the Jewish people, their own sins, the stars, or poisoned air

Pessimistic shift in culture

Art about death, Macabre (dance of death / grim atmosphere)

Black Death - aftereffects

Economy Boost, more food variety

Standard of living rises

Better work since less workers = more pay

Medieval Feudalism ends in many areas

outbreaks continue until 19th centuries but 14th century was most devestating

Flagellants

Thought they could get rid of the plague by punishing themselves

Believed the plague was punishment from god

Feudalism

Large class system from Kings to peasants and serfs

Strict hierarchy, no one moved up or down

Hierarchy was based on land

No significant middle class

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

William of Ockham

Said that power was of the people not the pope or council

Ockham's razor: Simple explanation is better than complex since complex explanations try to trick people

Great Schism

1377: Gregory XI elected pope, moves to Rome

1378: Urban VI elected pope, is very disliked, and upsets the Cardinals and the French

The French elect Clement VII as pope in protest

There are now 2 popes

End of Schism

Councils are called to attempt to repair the schism

Some power is taken away from the pope, councils can be called by others in power

1408 Council of Pisa: not successful, ANOTHER pope elected for a total of 3

1414-1418 Council of Constance finally elects a true pope, Martin V who is recognized by all monarchs as pope

Lollars

Founded by John Wycliffe who did lots of speeches and wrote On the Church

Beliefs:

Anti Clerical: No more strict hierarchy in church

True believers, not corrupt priests

Bible in vernacular (language spoken by the masses)

Hussites

Lead by Jan Hus (Yan Hoos)

Ethnically Czech but ruled by Germans

Wanted Equality in the church

Bread and wine for all churchgoers

Burned by holy Romans

Renaissance

Revival of classical ideas

Latin books liberated from monasteries

Traveling priests discovered native Latin and classical knowledge

Values Taken:

Latin / Greek knowledge

Language

Rhetoric and Poetry

Philosophy

Humanism

Literary and linguistic movement

Revive Latin / Greek to rise from the Dark Ages

Care about life, not only afterlife

Humans have infinite potential

Francis Petrarch

Lived in Italy / Avignon

Father of Humanism

One of the earliest humanists

Giovanni Boccaccio

Italian writer, poet, and humanist

Correspondent of Petrarch

Wrote the Decameron

Later Humanism

Civic Humanism

Focused on government and law

Believed good citizens were politically involved

Hermeticism

Occult = outside church

Focused on connection between religion, philosophy, and "science"

Geoffrey Chaucer

English poet

Wrote the Canterbury Tales

Christine de Pisan

Widowed female writer

wrote for money

Dislikes violence, early femenist

Dante Alighieri

Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy

Marsilius of Padua

Church opponent; he claimed the Pope had no special power and that the Church was subject to the state

Sandro Botticelli

Renaissance painter

Painted the Birth of Venus

Michelangelo

High Renaissance Artist

Mostly did sculpting until he painted the Sistine Chapel

Other works: Michelangelo's Pieta, David

Leonardo da Vinci

Essential Renaissance man, polymath

Engineer and artist

Made lots of weapons

Art works: The last supper, Mona Lisa

Northern Renaissance

Mainly in Low countries (Belgium, Luxenberg, etc.)

More focus on detail

Not as grand and more religious than normal Renaissance

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter

painted Arnolfini Portrait, extremely detailed oil on wood

Holy Roman Empire

United only in name

Each land has a separate ruler

1 person is elected to be the holy roman emperor by powerful families such as the Hapsburg Family

Louis XI

King of France 1461 - 1483

France had won the 100 years war which gave it large amounts of land

Collected accurate taxes by using a census and hiring loyal collectors

Hanseatic League

Hanse is a wealthy trade city

League is a group of Hanse that help defend each other from attackers seeking their wealth

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Henry The Navigator

Portuguese Prince

Funded many expeditions to explore West Africa

Wanted to establish a trade route to Asia without crossing Mediterranean or land

Vasco de Gama

A Portuguese sailor

First Portuguese sailor to sail around Africa to India

Ferdinand Magellan

Credited for circumnavigating the world

Actually died ~halfway through the trip

Christopher Coloumbus

Wanted to discover western route to Asia

Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella

Discovered the Bahamas

Went on 3 more expeditions to gather riches

Started slavery

Marco Polo

Traveler who spent time in the far east

Wrote Journals which were a motivation for Spain's exploration

Ferdinand and Isabella

King and Queen of Spain in late 15th century (1400s)

Funded many expeditions including Columbus'

Amerigo Vespucci

Florentine (became Spanish in 1505)

Said the new world was not India

The Americas were named after him

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494

Pope afraid that new world would cause war over land

Treaty between Spain and Portugal to split the new world with an imaginary line

Portugal gets east and Spain gets west

Hernan Cortez

Spanish Catholic Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in 1521

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish Catholic Conquistador who conquered Inca in 1532

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers/explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

Johann Gutenberg

Invented moveable type printing press in 1440s

Printing press helped to spread protestant ideas extremely quickly

Christian Humanism

combined classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Humanist beliefs should be incorporated into religion

Desiderius Erasmus

Alive at the perfect time to be involved in Reformation

Wrote "Handbook of the Militant Christian" (1503) which stated that simply believing wasn't enough, you needed to be active in religion

"Praise of Folly" (1509) satirical piece "praising" how the Christian Church tricked people

Beliefs:

Education is good because it makes a more unified church

Good Works > Meaningless Ceremony

Thomas More

Wrote "Utopia" (1516), Describes his ideal land (tolerance, order, and no corruption) and how England is the exact opposite of it

Executed by Henry VIII for not becoming head of the English church

Martin Luther

As he studied as a monk he became more dissatisfied with the church

Wants Salvation by faith alone without donations (indulgences, etc.) and for people to read the bible themselves

Anger sparked by Johann Tetzel who sold indulgences

Wrote 95 Thesis and Three Treatises

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church.

95 Thesis

written by Martin Luther in 1517, widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.

Spread extremely quickly due to the printing press

displayed his displeasure with some of the Church's corruption and flaws

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521.

Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Frederick the Wise

Elector of Saxony, protected Luther and sheltered him

Protected Luther in his country when he was an outlaw

Huldrych Zwingli

Reformer in Switzerland

Eliminated church ceremony, but could not agree with Luther on Transubstantiation

Killed by "Captain F*ckinger" in the battle of Kappel

Henry VIII

Second King of the English Tutor Dynasty

Was at first a defender of the Catholic Church, but when he wanted to divorce, the pope did not give permission so he made his own church

Eucharist

The eating of bread and wine at mass

Luther disagreed with the Catholic church who said bread and wine literally turned into Christ's blood and body (transubstantiation) while Luther said it only changed spiritually (consubstantiation)

John Calvin

Created Calvinism and was more important than Zwingli

Spends much time in Geneva even though he is French

Calvinists believe in Predestination

Calvinism Names

England - Puritans

France - Huguenots

Scotland - Presbyterians

Affair of the Placards

Protestants in France made posters against Catholicism

Hung a poster on the king's door which was seen as a threat / declaration of war

The king persecutes Calvinists so many flee to places such as Geneva

Predestination

Believed by Calvinists, the idea that your place in heaven or hell is decided the moment you are born because God is omniscient

Actually made Calvinists more strict about being good to make sure they are predestined to go to heaven

Anglican Church

English church created by King Henry VIII

Created so he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Act of Supremacy

1534, makes the monarch of England the head of Anglican Church

Peasant's War of 1525

Peasants were taxed from land owned by Church, lords, and the Church

They demanded religious and secular reform

Thought they could succeed since Luther succeeded

Did not consider that Luther left the church so the church's punishments had no effect on him while they stayed within the power of the church and their ruler

Ends in slaughter of peasants

Thomas Muntzer

Intellectual leader of the peasant's war

Wanted a classless society run only by God's law

Effects of the Peasant's War

Protestant movement is split

Luther does not support the rebellion because he believes religious and social protest should not mix and orders the peasants to be slaughtered

Luther's actions cause many poorer areas to dislike Lutheranism

Anabaptists

Protestant movement

Relatively peaceful consisting of mid/lower class

Kept to themselves but were the most persecuted of protestants

Believed in Adult Baptism; people choose their religion when they are mature

Persecution:

Some extremist believers take over Munster, causing all of them to be seen as violent

Zwingli wants them to be more active so he persecutes them

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to stop protestants

255 clergy intermittently meet

Almost never made actual changes since that would admit that the protestants were right

Clarified doctrine by declaring catholic versions of protestant ideas

Decisions:

Condemn Protestantism creating permanent schism

Eucharist is transubstantiation

Salvation through faith AND good works

Bible = Vulgate (Latin)

No divorce, Yes indulgences,

Jesuits

Most significant new Catholic order

Militarised missionaries

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuits

Was injured and studied saints while healing

Thought his healing was a miracle, dedicated himself to the church

Catholic church directs him to form Jesuits

High Renaissance

~1480-1520

Rome increasingly seen as cultural center

Most scientific observations impacting art such as dissecting humans

Artists seen as Genii (Geniuses)

Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo

Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian High Renaissance Artist and Engineer

Polymath

Designed many weapons

Famous art:

The last supper

Mona Lisa

Many paintings "in situ" or painted to be on a wall with no canvas

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor 1519-1558

Extremely powerful, one of the most powerful people in Europe for a time

Led the Habsburg in the Habsburg-Valois clash

Finally defeated when he frightens other countries by defeating the Schmalkaldic League and they make an alliance. He is driven into Italy and surrenders.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527)

Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

Wants a strong, nonreligious government

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528.

In it, he described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Valois

French ruling family

Fought for the domination of Europe in the Habsburg-Valois clash

Habsburg

Extremely powerful and influential family in the Holy Roman Empire

Fought in the Habsburg-Valois Clash for control of Europe

Sulieman the Magnificent

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Wants land and money so attacks Vienna, a major city, multiple times throughout the Habsburg-Valois clash

Does this because Europe is weakened.

None of the attacks succeed but they scare Europe

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

(1559) Ended the Hapsburg-Valois Clash

Spain(HRE) was the victor

did not end religious conflict however—Catholics and Protestants continued to riot and kill each other.

Mary I

Rules 1548-1553

Also called Bloody Mary

Extremely Catholic

Restores Catholicism extremely violently

Elizabeth I

Rules 1558-1603

Restores Anglicanism (Protestant) Permanently

Ushers in golden age for England

John Knox

Leader of the Scottish Reformation

Wrote "The first Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women"

Anti female and French

Schmalkaldic League

Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans (Mostly HRE Princes) against the Holy Roman Empire and also at the same time as the Habsburg-Valois Conflict

Completely crushed by Charles V in 1547

Peace of Augsburg

1555

Princes / rulers determine religion of the land (Pluralism) but only Lutheranism or Catholicism

Weird Scotland Stuff

Mary of Guise and James V marry and have Mary Stuart

Mary Stuart and Francis (French) marry and are Catholic

Mary Stuart grows up in France

Mary of Guise rules in place of Mary Stuart since she is too young

People dislike Mary of Guise because of her religion and gender. Scotland starts to become Calvinist

Mary Stuart exiled when Mary of Guise steps down and she attempts to rule because of her religion and gender

Her son, James VI declared king

Michelangelo

High Renaissance Artist

Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect Famous works:

Sistine Chapel Mural

David Sculpture