GLOBAL Final Review Practice Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key historical concepts from early civilizations through the age of exploration.

Neolithic Revolution

A period of change where humans transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled farming and the domestication of animals.

Hinduism

A religion characterized by sacred texts such as the Vedas and Upanishads and the following of ethical codes like Dharma.

The Caste System

A rigid social hierarchy found in India that determines a person's status and role in society from birth.

The Feudal System

A decentralized social and political hierarchy in the Middle Ages where land was exchanged for loyalty and military service.

The Encomienda System

A social hierarchy and labor system used in the Spanish colonies that forced indigenous people to work for Spanish landowners.

Athenian Golden Age

A period in ancient Greece known for cultural, economic, and political achievements, including the development of direct democracy.

Pax Romana

A long period of relative peace and stability in the Roman Empire characterized by significant cultural and economic growth.

Byzantine Empire

The eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived its fall and experienced a Golden Age under leaders like Justinian.

Hammurabi's Code

The first written legal system developed in Mesopotamia, known for its strict 'eye for an eye' principle.

The Twelve Tables

The foundational set of laws for Ancient Rome which protected the rights of citizens and formed the basis of Roman law.

Mandate of Heaven

A Chinese political and religious doctrine used to justify the rule of the Emperor, suggesting they were chosen by divine power.

The Silk Road

An ancient network of trade routes connecting China and the Middle East to Europe, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas.

Genghis Khan

The leader who united the Mongol tribes and led the conquest of vast territories across Asia and Europe.

Manor

A self-sufficient estate during the Middle Ages in Europe that served as the basic unit of the feudal economy.

The Black Death

A plague that spread from Asia to Europe, leading to massive population loss, the decline of feudalism, and rising wages for workers.

The Crusades

A series of holy wars between Christians and Muslims for control of the 'Holy Land' (Jerusalem).

Mansa Musa

The leader of the North African empire of Mali, best known for his wealthy pilgrimage to Mecca.

Inca, Aztec, and Maya

Pre-Columbian empires in the Americas that adapted to their environments through methods like terrace farming and chinampas.

The Renaissance

A period of 'rebirth' in art and learning that began in Italy during the $14^{th}$ century.

Machiavelli

The author of 'The Prince' who argued that leaders should use any means necessary to maintain power.

Martin Luther

A monk who triggered the Protestant Reformation by writing the 95 Theses to criticize the corruption of the Catholic Church.

Magna Carta

A document signed in $1215$ that is historically significant for limiting the power of the English Monarch.

Scientific Method

A process for experimentation and observation that changed how people studied the natural world during the Scientific Revolution.

Absolute Monarch

A ruler who holds total power over their nation, often claiming it through the concept of 'Divine Right'.

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Old World and the New World following exploration.