exam 2 everything!!!

what is the healthiest period of the entire life span.

middle childhood

One particular way to improve fine motor skills is through

art and music

childhood obesity

In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control’s 1980 standards for children of a given age

asthma

A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. Signs and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing

selective attention

Focusing on one stimulus instead of another. This can be innate, as when a baby focuses on a person’s eyes, or deliberate, as when a student attends to the teacher, not to a classmate

reaction time

The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eyeblink) or cognitively (with a thought).

aptitude

The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge.

g (general intelligence)

The idea assumes that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities. According to this concept, people have varying levels of this general ability.

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations.

multiple intelligences

The idea that human intelligence is composed of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one

neurodiversity

The idea that each person has neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated,

in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed.

____ seems particularly relevant for children with disorders on the autism spectrum.

developmental psychopathology

The field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders.

comorbid

Refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person

multifinality

A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that

one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations

equifinality

A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that

One symptom can have many causes

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors; interferes with a person’s functioning or development

specific learning disorder

A marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by an intellectual developmental disorder, or by an unusually stressful home environment

dyslexia

Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment.

dyscalculia

Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain.

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction — including difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view — and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

individual education plan (IEP)

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with intellectual developmental disorder

least restrictive environment (LRE)

A legal requirement that children with intellectual developmental disorders be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn

response to intervention (RTI)

An educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement in early grades, using special intervention

Biosocial Growth: Middle Childhood 6-11 years old

• Slower growth

• Greater Processing speed & Reaction time

• Advanced Motor Skills

***Selective Attention & Automatization!

*** Health & Strength!

*** Psychopathology!

middle childhood brain development

Brain Maturation → More connections

PFC → Mastery of tasks

Faster Reaction Time

Selective Attention?

Automatization

(repetition → routine → ↓ conscious thought)

how much physical activity do kids need

at least an hour a day

Outcomes Due to Excess Body Weight

Decrease in self-esteem

Lower school achievement

Increased loneliness

Parents as

Role Models...

• RQ: How do parents’ health

behaviors influence their kids?

• 24-hr recall for eating habits,

7-day record of PA, measured BMI

• Findings: HPRM Index

- Most parents were not healthy

role models

- Most parents & kids did not meet

health guidelines (F&V, PA)

- Healthier role models → kids eat

more F&V

study

How can parents influence their kids to be healthy?

If Healthy behaviors → Healthy habits → Better lifelong health

we know that role modeling is a powerful teaching strategy - but clearly most parents in this study are not always great role models...

Molly (8 years old) and Maria (5 years old) are playing tag outside,

when Molly says to Maria – “Race you to the flagpole?” Maria

says, “You’re on!” Which child is most likely to make it to the

flagpole first?

A. Molly

B. Maria

C. Both girls will arrive at the same time.

D. Given the information available it’s impossible to guess

the outcome.

chat gpt

Developmental Psychopathology &

Variety of Special Needs Among

Children

Abnormality is normal.

Disability changes year by year.

Plasticity & compensation for long-term experience.

Diagnosis & treatment reflect the social context

what percent of Children at Risk for Dyslexia:

5-20%

what percent of children have Autism Spectrum

Disorder

3%

Problems in social interaction & social use of language

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, & activities

Much variety in skills & difficulties across children (neurodiversity)

A variety of proposed causal factors

what percent of children have ADHD

11%

Difficulty concentrating; inattention, impulsivity, & overactivity

Externalizing behaviors (aggression)

A variety of proposed causal factors

concrete operational thought

Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically……. about direct experiences and perceptions.

classification

The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic that they have in common

seriation

The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series

knowledge base

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

control processes

Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system. (Also called executive processes.)

English Language Learners (ELLs)

Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low — usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. Many children who speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLs

immersion

A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning

bilingual education

A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner’s original language and the second (majority) language.

English as a Second Language (ESL)

A U.S. approach to teaching English that gathers all of the non-English speakers together and provides intense instruction in English. Students’ first languages are never used; the goal is to prepare students for regular classes in English

hidden curriculum

The unofficial, unstated, or implicit patterns within a school that influence what children learn.

For instance, teacher background, organization of the play space, and tracking are all part of the hidden ____ not formally prescribed, but instructive to the children

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children’s achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed “the Nation’s Report Card.”

voucher

A promise of payment under certain conditions. When used in education, vouchers allow public funds to be paid for private school tuition.

charter school

A school funded by public taxes that is exempt from some requirements for traditional public schools

home-school

When a child is taught at home, usually by a stay-at-home parent, instead of being enrolled in any school, public or private

True or False?

• Jonah loves to play outside in the snow, and he now follows a routine to take off his shoes immediately when he comes inside. At this point in the season, he doesn’t have to think about it – he just takes off his shoes. Jonah’s behavior reflects automatization.

• If a family member dies suddenly, a child is likely to exhibit a variety of emotional responses. This understanding of development reflects multifinality.

• Your friend’s child tends to act out physically, or externally, in order to express frustration. Your friend’s child is most likely a girl.

True

true

false

How Do Early Home Activities Continue to Impact

Language Skills in Middle Childhood?: Law et al. (2018)

• RQ: To what extent do child, family,

home activities, & early language

skills relate to language skills at 11yrs

old?

• Participants: 5,682 children from the

UK Millennium Cohort Study –

assessed at 9mos,3,5,7,&11yrs

• Method: Medical records, Cognitive

skills tests, & self-report surveys

• Findings...

  - Early language predicted higher

  vocabulary scores later

  - Parents who read to their child at

  least weekly

  • Equifinality?

study

Cognitive Growth: Early Childhood → Middle

Childhood 6-11 years old

• Advanced Info-processing to learn

- Memory

- Knowledge base

- Control processes

- Metacognition

• Further language development

• Concrete Operations stage

Information Processing for Learning in Middle Childhood 6-11 yrs old

Able to sense & perceive lots of info

Input → Connections → Output

Experiment with strategies → adopt practices that work for you

Repetition → Automatization → Brain Growth

Learning builds over time = continuity

IP – Memory (Again, like a Funnel)

Experience & Brain Maturation for short-term memory

sensory memory

Working Memory (current thought)

Long-term Memory

• Strategies for WM (rehearsal, chunking)

Chunking:

Grouping information into smaller, easier-to-remember units.

Rehearsal:

Repeating information to keep it in memory.

IP – Knowledge Base: learning influences

Experience

Current Opportunity

Motivation

IP – Knowledge Base: Control Processes:

(Regulate flow of info for learning)

Processing speed

↑ Memory

Challenge of Impulse control

Language Growth middle childhood

Figurative Phrases & Flexibility

Concrete Operations (early logic)

 Classification (groups)?

 Decentration (> 1)?

 Seriation (order)?

 Reversibility (undo)?

 Can conserve?

 Transitive Inference?

(compare & contrast)

Pre-Operations

• Symbolic Thought

• Centration (1)

• Lack conservation

• Appearance

• Irreversibility

• Egocentrism

Concrete Operations examples

1. Michael learned

   in class that a

   broken bone is

   painful. His leg

   hurts, so he

   thinks he broke

   it.

2. Melissa organized

   her homework

   based on what

   she needs to do:

   read, write, and

   calculate.

3. Jesse was playing

   Wii when the

   controller fell off

   his wrist across

   the room. He saw

   that the clasp had

   come undone, so

   he put it back on

   his wrist and

   reclosed the clasp

myelination

The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

The prefrontal cortex (PFC)

plays a crucial role in various cognitive functions, including: Executive Functions: Planning and decision-making, Working memory (holding information in mind for short periods), Attention control, and Inhibitory control (suppressing inappropriate thoughts and actions)

Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex 2-6 years old (p.193)

The entire frontal lobe develops for many years after early childhood; dendrite density and myelination are still increasing in emerging adulthood. Nonetheless, significant maturation of the prefrontal cortex during early childhood is crucial.

• though before action!

• Sleep becomes more regular.

• Emotions become more nuanced and responsive.

• Temper tantrums subside.

• Uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common.

lateralization

Literally, sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.

corpus collosum

A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.

impulse control

The ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior.

perseveration

To stay stuck, or persevere, in one thought or action for a long time. The ability to be flexible, switching from one task to another, is beyond most young children

injury control/harm reduction

Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place

primary prevention

Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.

secondary prevention

Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian.

tertiary prevention

Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness or injury) and that are aimed at reducing harm or preventing disability.

child maltreatment

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.

child abuse

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

child neglect

Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

substantiated maltreatment

Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.

reported maltreatment

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities

permanency planning

An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child.

foster care

A legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents’ custody and entrusted to another adult or family, who is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child’s needs

kinship care

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.

(not the main focus for this exam) Biosocial Growth: From 1st 2 Years

• Nutrition

  • Sensory Abilities

  • Reflexes

  • Transient Exuberance

  • Early Motor Skills

(main focus for this exam) Biosocial Growth: Ages 2 – 6 Years

• Further Brain Development

- Myelination

- Corpus callosum

- Prefrontal Cortex

- Limbic System

- Lateralization

• Advanced Motor Skills

Extensive Brain Growth:Early Childhood (2 – 6)

• Myelin (processing speed)

• Prefrontal Cortex

(complex cognitive functions)

• Lateralization (side dominance)

• Corpus Callosum

(both hemispheres work together)

• Limbic System

- Amygdala (emotion)

- Hippocampus (memory &

learning)

- Hypothalamus (drives)

Motor skills at 2 years old

Motor skills at 3 years old

Motor skills at 4 years old

Motor skills at 5 years old

Motor skills at 6 years old

Gross Motor Skills (DyS). How might culture influence the development of these skills?

Experience-Dependent Development: meaning that children develop certain skills based on the opportunities and experiences provided by their environment.

Relationship of Childhood Abuse & Household Dysfunction to Death in Adults... ACEs... (Felitti et al., 1998)

true or false: fine motor skills are harder to master than gross motor skills

true

ACEs & Levels of Prevention

1. Primary prevention (to make harm less likely for everyone)

• Community-wide parent education

2. Secondary prevention (to avoid harm in high-risk situations/groups)

• Respite/support for families with special needs

3. Tertiary prevention (after injury, to reduce potential for more damage)

   • Counseling services

Leads:

can refer to clues or pieces of information that help progress an investigation

early childhood 2-6 years old: growth patterns

• Height and weight increase in those four years (by about a foot and 16 pounds, almost 30 centimeters and 8 kilograms).

• Dramatic changes occur in shape: Children slim down, the lower body lengthens, fat is replaced by muscle.

By age 6, the average child in an affluent nation:

is at least:

• 3 ½ feet tall (more than 110 centimeters).

• weighs between 40 and 50 pounds (between 18 and 23 kilograms).

• looks lean.

• has adultlike body proportions (legs now constitute about half the total height)

early childhood 2-6: nutrition

what is the main problem?

Although they rarely experience starvation, 2- to 6-year-olds can be malnourished.

Small appetites are satiated by unhealthy snacks, crowding out needed vitamins.

Wasting and stunting are still possible if climate change, war, or extreme poverty makes food scarce in an entire community,

but the main nutritional problem for young children is overweight.

they do not always obtain adequate iron, zinc, and calcium

early childhood 2-6: obesity

Some adults may encourage children to overeat, protecting them against famine that was once common.

During childhood, obesity correlates with other measures of adversity and is linked to depression

Later on, it increases the risk of early death from heart disease, diabetes, strokes, and suicide.

obesity defined as

the heaviest 5% of children

early childhood 2-6: sugar + recommendation

no more than six teaspoons

The most immediate harm from sugar is cavities and decaying teeth before age 6.