Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
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102 Terms
What are the major bones of the appendicular skeleton?
The bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), and pelvic girdle.
What is the sternal end of the clavicle?
The end that articulates with the sternum.
What is the acromial end of the clavicle?
The end that articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
What is the conoid tubercle?
A projection on the clavicle that serves as a site of muscle attachment.
What is the most commonly broken bone in the body?
The clavicle.
What is the acromion?
The upper portion of the scapula that forms the acromioclavicular joint with the clavicle.
What is the glenoid cavity?
The fossa of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
What is the suprascapular notch?
A notch in the scapula through which major nerves pass.
What is the coracoid process?
An anterior projection of the scapula that serves as a site of muscle attachment.
What is the supraspinous fossa?
The depression of the scapula where the supraspinatus muscle sits.
What is the infraspinous fossa?
The depression of the scapula where the infraspinatus muscle sits.
What is the subscapular fossa?
The depression of the scapula where the subscapularis muscle sits.
What does the head of the humerus articulate with?
The glenoid cavity of the scapula.
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
The site of the epiphyseal plate.
What is the greater tubercle?
A large projection on the humerus where major muscles attach.
What is the lesser tubercle?
A smaller projection on the humerus where muscles attach.
What is the surgical neck of the humerus?
A region commonly fractured that often requires surgery to repair.
What is the intertubercular sulcus?
A groove between the greater and lesser tubercles through which nerves pass.
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
The site on the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.
What is the capitulum?
The portion of the humerus that articulates with the radius.
What is the trochlea?
The portion of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.
What is the coronoid fossa?
The depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is flexed.
What is the olecranon fossa?
The depression that receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended.
What are the medial and lateral epicondyles?
Bony projections that serve as sites of muscle attachment.
What nerve is protected by the medial epicondyle?
The ulnar nerve.
What is the olecranon process?
The prominent projection of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow.
What does the olecranon process fit into when the elbow is extended?
The olecranon fossa.
What is the coronoid process of the ulna?
The projection that fits into the coronoid fossa when the elbow is flexed.
What is the radial notch?
The site where the radius articulates with the ulna.
What is the head of the radius?
A nail
What is the radial tuberosity?
A site for muscle attachment on the radius.
What is the ulnar notch?
A depression on the distal radius that articulates with the ulna near the wrist.
How many carpal bones are there?
Eight.
What are the proximal row carpals?
Pisiform, Scaphoid, Lunate, and Triquetrum.
What are the distal row carpals?
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate.
How many metacarpals are there?
Five.
What do the metacarpals form?
The palm of the hand.
How many phalanges are in each hand?
Fourteen.
How many phalanges are in each finger?
Three: proximal, middle, and distal.
How many phalanges are in the thumb?
Two: proximal and distal.
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
A condition in which nerves are compressed due to displacement of the carpal bones.
What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?
Pain, numbness, and burning in the fingers.
How is carpal tunnel syndrome treated?
Physical therapy, NSAIDs, and sometimes surgery.
What is osteoarthritis?
Degeneration of articular cartilage.
Where is osteoarthritis commonly found in the appendicular skeleton?
The hand and wrist.
What is the ilium?
The superior portion of the hip bone.
What is the sacroiliac joint?
The joint where the sacrum and ilium articulate.
What passes through the greater sciatic notch?
The sciatic nerve.
What is the iliac fossa?
The broad depression on the ilium covered by the iliacus muscle.
What is the iliac crest?
The superior ridge of the ilium where numerous muscles attach.
What is the ischium?
The posterior
What is the obturator foramen?
A large opening through which blood vessels and nerves pass.
What is the ischial tuberosity?
The roughened area that supports body weight when sitting.
What is the strongest part of the hip bone?
The ischial tuberosity.
What is the acetabulum?
The deep socket that receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
What is the pubis?
The anterior portion of the hip bone.
What is the pubic symphysis?
A fibrocartilaginous joint connecting the pubic bones.
What structure forms the pubic arch?
The pubic symphysis.
What does the head of the femur articulate with?
The acetabulum.
What are the greater and lesser trochanters?
Large projections that serve as sites of muscle attachment.
What muscles attach to the greater and lesser trochanters?
Major muscles including the gluteal muscles.
What is the intertrochanteric line?
The line connecting the trochanters on the anterior side of the femur.
What is the intertrochanteric crest?
The ridge connecting the trochanters on the posterior side of the femur.
What do the medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with?
The corresponding condyles of the tibia.
What is the gluteal tuberosity?
The rough area where the gluteus maximus attaches.
What is the patellar surface?
The anterior surface of the femur where the patella rests.
Approximately how long is the femur compared to a person's height?
About one
Why is the medial angle of the femur more pronounced in females?
Because females generally have a wider pelvis.
Why are knee injuries more common in female athletes?
Because the wider pelvis increases the angle of the femur.
What usually causes femoral fractures?
Severe trauma such as automobile accidents.
What is often actually fractured in a "broken hip"?
The neck of the femur.
What is the patella?
The kneecap.
What is the function of the patella?
It increases the leverage of the leg.
What ligament holds the patella in place?
The patellar ligament.
What type of bone is the patella?
A sesamoid bone.
What is the second largest bone in the body?
The tibia.
What do the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with?
The condyles of the femur.
What is the medial malleolus?
The medial knob of the ankle.
What is the tibial tuberosity?
The site of attachment for the patellar ligament.
What is the fibular notch?
The site where the fibula attaches to the tibia.
What is the fibula?
The smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg.
What is the lateral malleolus?
The lateral side of the ankle formed by the fibula.
What are the three groups of bones in the foot?
Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
What are the tarsals?
The bones that form the bulk of the ankle.
What is the calcaneus?
The heel bone and largest tarsal.
What is the calcaneal tuberosity?
The projection of the calcaneus that contacts the ground.
What is plantar fasciitis?
Inflammation of the plantar fascia of the foot.
Where is pain usually felt with plantar fasciitis?
On the underside of the calcaneus.
What causes plantar fasciitis?
Overuse, poorly fitted shoes, and flat arches.
How is plantar fasciitis treated?
Rest, anti
What is the talus?
The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia.
What is the navicular bone?
A tarsal bone located on the medial side of the foot.
What are the three cuneiform bones?
Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms.
What is the cuboid?
A cube
How many metatarsals are in the foot?
Five.
What do the metatarsals form?
The center of the foot.
What do the phalanges of the foot form?
The toes.
How are the phalanges of the foot organized?
Similar to the hand, with proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.
What are the arches of the foot?
Structural arches that provide support and lift.
What is pes planus?
Flat feet.