bio practicum #3

monocot characteristics

one cotyledon, petals in groups of threes, parallel veins in leaves, vascular bundles, fibrous roots

dicot characteristics

two cotyledons, petals in groups of four or five, branched/net like veins in leaves, taproot system, veins in bundles

what are two types of angiosperms

monocot and dicot

monocot seed (corn)

dicot seed (bean)

what is something that the monocot seed has that the dicot seed does not

endosperm (cotyledons store food reserves in dicot bc double fertilization)

3 main parts of both gymnosperms and angiosperms

seed coat (2n), embryo (2n), nutritive tissue (haploid in gymnosperms and triploid in angiosperms)

dicot stem (with vascular bundles)

dicot leaf

bryophytes examples

moss, liverworts, hornworts

what are bryophytes

nonvascular plants

bryophyte green leaf like tissue

1n gametophyte

bryophyte dominant generation

gametophyte 1n

what is the photosynthetic tissue in bryophytes?

thallus

liverwort labelled

sporophyte of bryophytes

relies on gametophyte for nutrients, responsible for dispersing spores to new gametophytes

how is sporophyte adaptive

allows for spore dispersal on land without water involved

antheridiophore

male gametophyte structure (stalk and disc) produced by mitosis (structure)

antheridia

where sperm is produced (cell)

archegoniophores

female gametophyte structure produced by miosis (structure)

archegonia

where egg cells are produced (cell level)

how do male gametophytes (sperm cells) get to female gametophyte

travel in water droplets, fertilization then occurs

rhizoids

anchor plant to the ground

gemma cups

asexual reproduction, can develop into new individuals

moss antheridia

antheridia vs archegonia

atheridiopore vs archegoniopore structure differences

disc of archegoniopore are longer and droopy, antheridiopore shorter and more solid

seta

stalk structure in moss

what generation is dominant in ferns

sporophyte 2n

vascular seedless gametophyte

small and free living

vascular seedless sporophyte

larger, free living

what do vascular seedless plants rely on for fertilization

water

what is the heart shape

fern gametophyte

where are rhizoids on fern gametophyte

on bottom, stingy like things

archegonia on fern gametophyte

in middle near apical notch

antheridia on fern gametophyte

everywhere but the exact middle

fern frond

leaf of fern

fern reproduction cycle

prothallus

gametophyte in ferns, contains antheridium and archegonium

sorus

sporangia cluster, bog circle sections in cross section containing spores

sporangia

in sorus (clusters), released from sporangia to undergo mitosis and become gametophyte, diploid

sorus image

roots vs rhizoids in ferns

roots bring up water and nutrients, rhizoids anchor to the ground

are gametes n or 2n

n

what are gametes produced from

multicellular gametophyte (n) that underwent mitosis

what are multicellular gametophytes produced from

spores (haploid) that underwent mitosis

what generation is dominant for all vascular plants

sporophyte (2n)

how was the evolution of seeds adapted

improved dispersal, allowed for dispersal and protection in drier environments, nutrients for the embryo

where is gametophyte (n) in gymnosperms

confined to part of the cone

where is gametophyte (n) in angiosperms

in flowers

what are benefits of a dominant sporophyte 2n stage for vascular plants

advantage against damaging effects of the sun on DNA, can sustain many gametophytes and provide resources for production of pollen grains and seeds

what happens after sporophyte generation gymnosperms

male gametophytes develop from spores within pollen cones, female gametophytes develop from spores within ovule cones

what happens when cones undergo meiosis

sporangium is formed (mega and micro)

what is formed from microsporangium

microspore, the multicellular male gametophyte (n), aka a pollen grain, 4 celled

what is formed from megasporangium

megaspore, aka multicellular female gametophyte, aka ovule with egg in it

what has to happen before fertilization occurs

pollen must germinate to form a pollen tube that grows to female gametophyte

pollination

pollen is released into air and transported by wind, with some landing on ovule cones

what does fertilized ovule develop into

seed

parts of gymnosperm seed

2n embryo surrounded by n female gametophyte for nutrieients surrounded by 2n seed coat for protection

what do seeds do

they germinate and eventually complete the cycle as sporophytes

what happens after 2n sporophyte generation in angiosperms

ovule (prod by carpel) undergoes meiosis to form haploid megaspore, male counterpart in anther undergoes meiosis to become haploid microspore

what happens after microspore

microspore undergoes mitosis to become pollen grain, then attaches to sigma and forms pollen tube that drops down into style

result of angiosperm fertilization

triploid endosperm cell with a diploid zygote (also a nucleus in the pollen tube)

angiosperm seed characteristics

2n seed coat, 3n endosperm, 2n embryo

what do fertilized ovules develop into

seeds

what do ovaries develop into

fruit

only real structural difference in gymnosperm and angiosperm seeds

nutritive tissue is haploid in gymnosperms and triploid in angiosperms

do gymnosperms produce fruit

no

stamen function

male reproductive organ (anther and filament)

anther function

produces/stores pollen

filament function

supports anther

carpel/pistil function

female reproductive part

stigma function

sits at top of carpel, to capture pollen grains

style function

stalk that connects stigma to ovary

ovary function

contains ovules, develops into fruit after fertilization

ovule function

contains female reproductive cells, develops into seeds

sepal/calyx function

to protect flower bud

petal/corolla function

to attract pollinators

why is the endosperm 3n in angiosperms

the zygote fused with the haploid nuclei

what does dicot root look like

cell is circular and things are tightly packed together/bunch of circles

where is xylem in vascular bundle

very center

dermal tissue examples

epidermis

what does the waxy cuticle on leaves and stems do

prevents water loss

root hairs function

extend from epidermis to increase water and nutrient absorption

three plant organs

root, stem, and leaf

ground tissue examples

parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma

parenchyma

cells that resemble soap bubbles, function in storage, photosynthesis, and wound recovery

collenchyma

elongated and support stalks of leaves/growing stems and shoots, flexible and allow bending of plant (strings in celery stalks)

sclerenchyma

dead cells with thick walls for rigid support

vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

phloem

transporting carbs (food)

xylem

transporting water and minerals taken up from roots

what does dicot stem look like

big circle with a central gap, has both parenchyma and sclerenchyma

is xylem towards inside or outside of stem

inside (middle)

is phloem more towards inside or outside of stem

outside (edge)

how to tell dicot leaf

long and skilly with both spongy and palisades parenchyma (mesophyll)

what do palisade parenchyma cells look like in the leaf

columnar and closer to the edge

what does spongy parenchyma look like

more bubbly and towards center

stoma

pores towards edge where calvin cycle takes place

embryo of dicot seed

basically the whole thing