Metabolism

metabolism

the total of all energy transformations that occur in the body

anabolism

building of tissues

catabolism

breakdown of tissues

ATP

stored chemical energy that links the energy-yielding and energy-requiring functions within all cells

ADP

ATP minus one phosphate

AMP

ATP minus two phosphates

hydrolysis

process of removing a phosphate

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed (but it can change forms)

metabolic pathway

a sequence of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions resulting in a specific product

glycogenesis

conversion of glucose to glycogen

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

glycolysis

the energy pathway responsible for the initial catabolism of glucose in a 10 or 11 step process that begins with glucose or glycogen and ends with the production of pyruvate (aerobic glycolysis) or lactate (anaerobic glycolysis)

enzyme

a protein that facilitates the increased speed of a chemical reaction but it not changed by the chemical reaction

- ends in -ase

- affected by substrate, enzyme, temperature, pH, ions, medications, poisons

rate limiting enzymes

keeps the reaction moving in the correct direction at the appropriate speed

coenzyme

nonprotein substance derived from a vitamin that activates an enzyme

"turns enzyme on"

oxidation

gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, or direct loss of electrons by an atom/substance

reduction

gaining an electron, losing an oxygen, gaining a H

aerobic

in the presence of, requiring, or utilizing oxygen

anaerobic

in the absence of, not requiring, nor utilizing oxygen

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; subcellular organelles

facilitated diffusion

how glucose crosses the cell membrane; a carrier protein assists with the passive diffusion of glucose down a conc. gradient

GLUT-1

non-insulin regulated

located in the sarcolemma or cell membrane

primary transport mode for glucose when at rest and glucose levels are stable

GLUT-4

activated by insulin and by muscle contraction

primary mode of glucose entry during exercise

concentration greatest in fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG, type II A) fibers, then slow twitch oxidative glycolytic (SO, type I) fibers

lowest concentration in fast-twitch glycolytic (FG, type II X) fibers

transamination

transfer of the NH2 amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid

deamination

removal of an amino group

oxidative deamination results in a keto acid and ammonia

gluconeogenesis

creation of glucose in the liver from non-carb sources

- glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, alanine

- in liver

coupled reactions

energy requiring and energy releasing

3

muscles on store ATP for __ seconds of a maximal muscle contraction

cellular respiration

the process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP in a stepwise series of reactions

relies heavily upon the use of oxygen

aerobic

the brain requires ____ glycolysis

aerobic

cardiac muscle mainly uses ____ glycolysis

carbs

what is the preferred fuel source of the body?

Carbs

what is the only substrate that can be used in anaerobic metabolism?

respiratory; circulatory

oxygen used in CHO metabolism is provided from the ____ system and the ____ system

CO2

____ produced by CHO metabolism is removed by the circulatory/respiratory systems

cytoplasm

glycolysis occurs in the ____

aerobic glycolysis

slow glycolysis

end product is pyruvate/pyruvic acid

anaerobic glycolysis

fast glycolysis

end product is lactic acid/lactate

2 ATP

what is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis if you start with glucose?

3 ATP

what is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis if you start with glycogen?

2

how many NADH + H+ are present at the end of glycolysis?

2

how many pyruvate are present at the end of glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

what is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

no, but it must be present

does the formation of acetyl CoA directly utilize O2?

mitochondria

where does the formation of acetyl CoA occur?

no ATP, 2 NADH, 2 CO2, and 2 acetyl CoA

what are the products of the formation of acetyl CoA?

no, but it must be present

does the krebs cycle directly utilize O2?

mitochondria

where does the krebs cycle occur?

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 CO2

what are the products of the krebs cycle?

isocitrate dehydrogenase

what is the rate-limiting enzyme in the krebs cycle?

Yes

does the ETC and OP directly use O2?

mitochondria

where does the ETC and OP occur?

3

how many ATP are produced from NADH in the ETC and OP?

2

how many ATP are produced from FADH in the ETC and OP?

cytochrome oxidase

what is the rate-limiting enzyme for ETC and OP?

H2O

what other product is produced from ETC and OP?

32 ATP

what is the total ATP production for glucose in cardiac muscle?

30 ATP

what is the total ATP production for glucose in skeletal muscle?

33 ATP

what is the total ATP production for glycogen in cardiac muscle?

31 ATP

what is the total ATP production for glycogen in skeletal muscle?