psych

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses. failure to explain most human motives( mostly animals)

drive-reduction theory

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment, balanced constant internal state

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

arousal theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization.- not universal

self-transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

self-actualization

the process by which people achieve their full potential

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy output

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. hormone

Orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain

biological factors of obesity

65-70% heritable

psychological factors of obesity

mental illness, lack of sleep

social factors of obesity

Children influenced by parents and food choices they offer, Media: food advertisements, Social class: low-cost, high-fat diets in poverty-stricken households

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

men and women differ in sexual motivation

refractory period, and women can have multiple orgasms in a row

social motivation

the human need to interact with other humans and to be accepted by them

social motivation relationships

married people are less likely to be depressed

social motivation ostracism

ex: time out, exclusion, solitary

work motivation

a force that drives people to behave in a way that energizes, directs, and sustains their work behavior- accomplish goals, master skills, and overcome challenges

physiological arousal

sweating, pounding heart

conscious experience

thoughts and feelings

expressive behavior

yelling, accelerating

James-Lange Theory

our physiological arousal causes and emotion- not trusted theory

Cannon-Bard Theory

emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

Schachter Two-Factor

stimulus->physiological arousal ->cognitive interpretation-> emotion, fear

study for two factor theory

adrenaline shot, some told about effects of shot some not, those who were told interpreted their physical arousal as symptoms of the shot, where those who weren't interpreted their physical arousal to the emotions of other people in the room.

Polygraphs measure

Heart rate, respiration rate, and skin conductivity. not reliable

where is emotion mostly read from?

they eyes

Introverts vs. extroverts in detecting emotions

Introverts tend to excel at reading others' emotions, while extroverts are generally easier to read

detection of emotion

based on context, situation, gestures, and tears.

who detects emotions better?

women

Paul Ekman

emotion; found that facial expressions are universal, however people have more accuracy judging emotions of people from their own culture

display rules for emotion

cultural rules specifying what emotions should and should not be expressed under what circumstances

facial feedback hypothesis

the idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them