World History S2 Final

Maya achievements

Created glyphs

Developed a system of numbers

Created a 365 day calendar

Could predict solar eclipses

Aztec Achievements

developed chiampas which are floating gardens

Practiced human sacrifice

Inca achievements

Built a massive road network through mountains, across rivers and gorges

Spanish Reconquista

About 800 years of Spain fighting the Muslims to regain their land

Spanish Inquisition

Catholic purging of non-Catholics from Spain

Full of torture, was said that torture was ok if used to “save someone’s soul”

Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope decides dispute between Spain and Portugal over “New World” territorial claims.

Portugal gets a slither of South America and everything east, Spain gets everything west of the line (majority of new world)

Who began the trans-Atlantic slave-trade

Christopher Columbus

what was Columbus’s impact on Europe

introduces democratic ideas

Gold and silver is brought and changes economy

Population boom due to new food like potatoes and corn

Impact of disease in colonization

Disease wipes out 90-95% of the Native population

Villages and farms were deserted giving the colonizers a big head start to make their colonies

mercantilism

could not trade with any other countries

Colony sends natural resources to parent country and makes finished goods, then sells it back to the colony for a profit.

Colonies were exploited and all benefits and money went to the parent country.

Conquistador

spanish conqueror

triangle trade

economic system that connected America, Europe, and Africa.

Europe sends manufactured goods to Africa in exchange for slaves which go to the americas and the America’s send Europe raw resources.

middle passage

the leg of the journey in the triangle trade from Africa to the

Americas. Slaves were captured and shipped to the

Americas through this passage.

What was the Columbian exchange

transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and technology between the New World (Americas) and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) following Christopher Columbus's voyage

what was spain’s motivation for exploring western routes

Gold (wealth)

God (converting the natives to Christian)

Glory (national prestige and power)

Why were slaves in Europe different than ones in Americas

you could tell the difference between enslaver and enslaved by appearance in America’s

Social construct

An idea or meaning created by people (Race)

Why was race created

As a means to justify slavery and brutal treatment

what is a paradigm

A way of seeing the world

What is a paradigm shift

a new way of seeing the world, results from something that doesn’t fit the paradigm

why was the scientific revolution important

Changed the source of knowledge to more intelectual and fact based. Led to the enlightenment where people thought for themselves.

English civil war

fight between parliament and King Charles 1 about who should have power in England

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher that wrote during English civil war

War shaped his thinking into that the nature of people is bad and they need an all-powerful monarch to keep people in line

Divine right of kings

King is king because God wants him there, he rules with God’s will.

Absolute Monarchy

No limits on the king’s power

Glorious Revolution

Revolution in England where Parliament wins and gets the Bill of Rights passed and Parliament is in political power

John Locke

English political philosopher writing during the Glorious Revolution

Believes people are generally cooperative and helpful, people have God-given rights (life, liberty, property) and the governments job is to protect those rights. Governments who infringe those rights can be overthrown.

What was the enlightenment

Intellectual movement that believed individuals were capable of reason and could use this reason to run their own lives and to solve problems themselves.

Social mobility

Idea that came out of the enlightenment that states you have the ability to change your social class.

Autonomy

Self-rule

Obeying laws you made yourself

social contract

agreement made with a government to obey the laws in exchange for it protecting your rights

Enlightened Despot

all-powerful dictator with enlightenment ideals

what was the main cause of the French Revolution

third estate had 100% of the taxation and had little to no say in the government.

What was the reign of terror in France

Led by Maximilien Robespierre, it was a violent phase of the French Revolution characterized by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution."

Napoleon Bonaparte

General for the French Army

Put down several rebellions inside France for the Directory

What government does Napoleon establish

the consulship which is a republic with much of the power in the hands of Napoleon

Napoleon accomplishments

Establishes national banking system

Recreates tax collection system

Restores church in France

Re-institutes a Nobility

Education reforms

Rebuilds Paris, roads and buildings

Napoleonic Code

system of formal laws guaranteed to everyone

Institutes enlightenment ideas

Laws apply to everyone in the territory with no exceptions

Causes of the 2011 Egypt Revolution

Unfair oppressive government

Inequality; poverty

Poor economy

Toussainte Louverture

“The black Napoleon”

Brilliant general who trained his army in guerrilla tactics

Led the Haitian rebellion and declared himself ruler for life at one point

Which country was established by a slave rebellion?

Haiti

Simon Bolivar

Led 4 different Latin American countries’ revolutions

Known as the liberator

humanism

philosophy of focusing human accomplishments, human actions, & human experiences

Arab spring

a spark of pro-democratic revolutions/uprisings that occurred across the Middle East and North Africa all happening within a couple years of each other

Why was Britain the best place for the Industrial Revolution to start

lots of coal

High cost of labor

Steam engine

Invented at start of Industrial Revolution

Can’t have Industrial Revolution without the steam engine

How did Industrial Revolution change population

Agricultural advances → more food → more people

cottage industry

Home-based manufacturing business

luddite

Someone who’s not adapted to technology or refuses to use it

what did the Industrial Revolution do to cities

Made cities more urban

People life closer together which means disease, crime, fire hazards, polluted water and air, unsanitary conditions, etc

What does the Industrial Revolution not change

The fact that people are working

Women working

Children working

Negative results of the IR

working class gets longer hours with less control

Wealth gap increases

Pollution increases

People’s heath declines

Positive results of the IR

Creates jobs

Fosters creativity and innovation

Grows economy

Creates a strong middle class

Improved standards of living

Expanded education

Goods more affordable

What was the impact of technology on industry

moved the work place from homes to factories

Steam engine paved the way for this to happen

Industrial revolutions impact on colonialism and imperialism

Created an immense demand to want to colonize countries with lots of raw resources for their industrial machines.

what was the second IR

A continuation of the first IR

Produced lots of railroads, steel, steam engines

Imperialism

the practice/policy of extending a country’s power through diplomacy or force

why are Europeans imperializing in the 1800s-1900’s

Resources (industrial supplies)

Berlin conference

Conference that established rules for European colonization and trade in Africa.

which country imperialized the Congo

Belgium

Direct rule

colonial power governs colony directly itself (runs all administration

Indirect rule

colonial power controls territory through existing power-structures/gov’t

Opium Wars

Fought between China and Britain because Britain wanted to get opium from china and increase trade which resulted in Britain winning and Chinese ports opening

Extraterritoriality

Citizen of a country can only be tried in that country’s courts

How did the US’s actions in Japan ultimately lead to WWII?

The threats the US told Japan when trying to convince them to be trade partners. Created a bad relationship between the countries

Meiji Restoration

series of reforms in Japan to embrace and adapt to Western advantages. Started Industrialization in Japan

Sepoy Mutiny

Uprising of sepoy’s against the British East India company

Brings British government into India

What is a sepoy

indian soldiers hired to serve and protect British East India Company interests

ethnocentrism

the belief that your own culture, ethnic group, or nation is superior to all others

What is an economy

the wealth and resources of a country, especially in the creation and consumption of goods and services

Capitalism

economic system based on the belief that both sides can benefit from trade

Needs a free market

free market

having choice about who to buy or sell from, and what to buy/sell

Adam Smith

founding father of modern economics

Did not invent capitalism, but recognized what was happening

Monopoly

having one supplier

which type of economy is amoral

capitalism

What do libertarians want

a very small government

Army for protection only

Very low taxes

Governments sole purpose is to protect individuals property

why do libertarians hate taxes

they think its theft because your money is your property

what does a libertarian government not provide

anything that’s not a defensive military or a minimal court system

Social Darwinism

A sociological theory that claims people at the top of society were the best adapted or most fit citizens. Coins the phrase “survival of the fittest”

who created Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

why was social Darwinism not an accurate scientific theory

Darwins theory of natural selection applied to animals and not humans

Misinterpreted the term of fittest or fitness to justify inequality

Laissez-faire economics

Policy that the economy should control itself through supply and demand

Government should not get involved in regulating or making rules for business

Unrestricted capitalism

No restrictions, no regulations, no fixes or bail outs for failed businesses

Downsides of capitalism

not everyone gets rich

Working class becomes very poor and live in awful conditions

Workers get short end of the deal

What kind of government policies does laissez-faire capitalism lead to?

Minimal economic regulation

Protection of private property

Low taxation

Free trade and open markets

Globalization

the increasing interdependence and integration of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, driven by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information

Karl Marx

creator of communism

bourgeoisie

the capitalist elite; the class in a capitalist society who own most of society’s wealth and the means of production

means of production

everything that you need to create new products (besides humans)

Proletariat

working class

What is the purpose of communism

To abolish private property (means of production) to the point where there is communal ownership of the means of production

Marxism

marx’s version of communism (the ideal version)

Communism

the political theory that follows Marx’s ideas

The political system implemented by those claiming to be followers of Marx (USSR, China, North Korea, Vietnam, etc)

outsourcing

when a company hires an outside person or another business to handle tasks instead of doing them in-house

What were the different Russian factions

Absolutists (like the tsar)

Liberals (want constitution/rights and limits on tsar’s power)

Socialists/Communists (want to change the whole system)

Lenin

Socialist revolutionary in Russia

First head of government in Socialist Russia

Who were the reds and whites in the Russian civil war

reds: bolsheviks (socialists)

Whites: (everyone else)

What is a cult of personality

the intense, public adoration and idealized, god-like depiction of a political or authoritarian leader, orchestrated through propaganda, mass media, and spectacle

Gulag

A prison camp for political prisoners where they are usually worked to death

Holodomor

year long famine in Ukraine which kills 3-7 million Ukrainian peasant farmers.