anatomy exam 1 study guide

valgus

knees pointed in then feet out

varus

knees out (bow knees)

what movements occur in the sagittal plane

flexion & extension

what movements occur in the frontal plane

abduction, and adduction

what motion occurs in the transverse plane

abduction/adduction

rotation ow h

how many bones are in the human body

206haw

what are the purpose of bones (5 jobs)

1.) protection

2.) storage for calcium

3.) support

4.) movement (levers)

5.) supply (cont of red blood cells)

acronym: please start studying medical science

what does articulations mean

bone to bone

what are the three types of joints and list them from least to most mobile

fibrocartilage (skull)

cartilaginous (pelvis)

synovial (fluid between 2 joints - knee)

types of synovial joints (what motions)

plane (gliding) (no defined axis) (mc joint)

uniaxial (hinge, pivot) (elbow for both)

biaxial (condyloid, saddle) (hand joint)

triaxial (ball and socket) (shoulder)

definition of a tendon

attaches muscle toefind bone

definition of ligament

attaches bone to bone (stabilizes joint)

what are the three types of muscles

cardiac

skeletal

visceral/smooth

what are the three types of contractions

isometric (muscle lengthened, contracts)

concentric (muscle shorten and contract)

eccentric (muscle lengths but doesn’t contract)

what are efferent neurons

carry information away (motor neurons)hatw

what are afferent neurons

carry information towards (sensory) hatw

what are interneurons

communication between the neurons

what are the 2 FUNCTIONAL divisions of the nervous system (hint: S and A)

somatic

• skin, joints, and SKM

• conscious sensation

• voluntary movement

Autonomic/visceral

• smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

• internal organ regulation

what are the 2 STRUCTURAL division of the nervous system

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

PNS (12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves)

in the CNS what are the different layers

Dura mater (epidural and subdural)

Arachnoid (subarachnoid)

pia mater

in the CNS how many spinal cord segments are there (list the individual ones)

31 segments

• 8 cervical

• 12 thoracic

• 5 lumbar

• 5 sacral

• 1 coccygeal

where does the spinal cord end

conus medullar is (opposite bony vertebrate L1/L2) hat iw

what is below the conus medullaris

cauda equina

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there (list them individually)

31 pairs

• 8 cervical

• 12 thoracic

• 5 lumbar

• 5 sacral

• 1 coccygeall

what dose the superficial layer of muscle do

concerned with positioning and moving the limbs

what does the intermediate layer of muscle do

contains muscles of respiration

what do the deep layer of muscles do

move or maintain the position of the vertebrae

what is C1 referred to as

atlas (has lateral masses and a space to hold big ol globe head)

what is c2 referred to as `

axis (has the dens) which projects superiorly from the body hw

what part of the skull sits on C1

occipital condyle haw

what is the joint between the occipital condyle and the atlas called

atlanto occipital joint hat w

what motion does the Atlanta occipital joint make

flexion (yes joint)hat w

what joint is between the atlas and axis called

atlantoaxialhw joint

what motion does the Atlanta axial joint make

rotation “no” joint

what is the regional variation for the cervical vertebrae

foramen in transverse process

what is the regional variation for the thoracic vertebrae

costal facets for articulation with ribs what is the regional variation for the

what is the regional variation for the lumbar vertebrae

massive bodies with short spinous processes

for the curvatures of the spine, which ones are primary (flexed position)

thoracic and sacral (concave)

for the curvatures in the spine, which ones are in extension

cervical and lumbar (convex)

what is the joint in between the vertebrae called (between the vertebral bodies)

intervertebral joint

what is the joint between the articular processes

the zygopophyseal (facet) joint

what type of joint are the intervertebral joints

cartilangeous joint (designed for weight bearing)hw

what type of joints are the facet joints

synovial joint (more mobile)

is the posterior longitudinal ligament on the spinous process side or closer to the body

closer to the spinous process (posterior to the body)

what motion does the postior longitudinal ligament prevent

excessive flexion

where is the anterior longitudinal ligament

more anterior than the PLL

what motion does anterior longitudinal ligament check

excessive extension

what is the purpose of the spinal tap procedure

to see if CSF has infection and best way to do it is via cartilage in between

where does the spinal tap procedure occur

between L4 and L5, because the spinal cord has ended (to protect from injuring spine)haw

what type of information does the posterior root carry

sensory information w

what type of information does the anterior root carry

motor information

what type of information does the spinal nerve caryr

both motor and sensory information hat w

what branches off of the spinal nerve and what type of info does it carry

the dorsal ramus and below is the ventral ramus (they both carry both types of info)

what is a dermatome

area of the skin innervated by a given spinal cord segment via its spinal nerve

what is a myotome

muscle; consists of all the strained muscle fibers innervated by a given cord segment via its spinal nerve

spinal nerves exists the vertebral canal laterally through an ____ ____

intervertebral foramen

contents of the axilla

axillary artery

axillary vein

brachial plexus hat w

what type of blood does the artery carry

oxygenated blood

what type of blood does the vein carry

deoxygenated blood

where does the axillary artery begin

at the lateral border of the 1st rib and ends at the inferior border of the teres major

which artery is the main supply of the superficial palmar arch

unlar artery

which artery supplies the deep palmar arch

the radial artery

in the venous drainage, which vein is on the lateral proximal side

the cephalic vein

in the venous drainage, which vein is on the medial dorsal side

basilic vein

which vein is the communication between the basilica and cephalic vein in the cubital fossa

median cubital

where does the basilic and cephalic veins drain into

axillary vein

what is the brachial plexus formed by

ventral rami (of the spinal nerves C5-T1)

what is the Tommy John procedure for

Ulnar colateral ligament (UCL) (pitchers elbow)