topic 14 AP Stat Vocab

Test of significance

assess evidence for a claim about a population

statistical inference

provides methods for drawing conclusions about a population from sample data

upper critical value

the number Z_a/2 with probability p lying to its right under the standard Normal curve

Null Hypothesis (H0)

says that there is no effect or no change in the population

test for significance

is intended to access the evidence provided by data against a null hypothesis

alternative hypothesis

says that there is an effect or change in the population

one sided alternative

a parameter differs from its null value in a specific direction

two sided alternative

A parameter differs from its null value in either direction

P-value

is the probability that the test statistic will take a value at least as extreme as that actually provided

statistically significant

the p-value is as small or smaller than a specific value of alpha(⍺)

test statistic

based on a statistic that estimates the parameter that appears in the hypotheses

Decision Analysis

regards statistical inference in general as giving rules for making decision in the presence of uncertainty

power

measures its ability to detect an alternative hypothesis

type 1 error

occurs when we reject H_0 when it is in fact true

type 2 error

occurs when we accept H_0 when in fact H_a is true

acceptance sampling

one such circumstance that calls for a decision or action as the end result of inference