Honors Chemistry Unit 12 - Organic Chemistry Practice Test

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers essential terms and functional groups for Honors Chemistry Unit 12, focusing on organic chemistry nomenclature, structure, and bonding.

Organic compound

A chemical compound that contains carbon, such as $C_2H_3O_2^-$.

Hydrocarbon

A compound that consists exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Carbon Bonding Properties

Carbon typically forms $4$ covalent bonds because it possesses $4$ valence electrons.

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon containing at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms, such as $CH_2=CHCH_3$.

Saturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Cracking

The process where very large carbon chains found in crude oil are broken down into more useful, smaller sizes.

Distillation

The method used to separate different carbon chains based on their sizes following the cracking process in crude oil refinement.

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons that contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

Line-angle notation

A simplified version of molecular structures that illustrates carbon atoms as vertices but does not explicitly show hydrogen atoms.

Substituent groups

The chemical branches that are attached to the parent chain of a molecule.

Parent chain

The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule, to which other groups are attached.

Isomer

Compounds that share the same molecular formula but have different structural arrangements, such as butane and $2 ext{-methylpropane}$.

(Z)- notation

A prefix used in organic chemistry to indicate that two priority groups are located on the same side of a double bond.

(E)- notation

A prefix used in organic chemistry to indicate that two priority groups are located on opposite sides of a double bond.

Chiral compounds

Molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.

Alcohol

A functional group consisting of a hydroxyl ($-OH$) group bonded to a carbon atom.

Aldehyde

A functional group containing a carbonyl ($C=O$) group located at the end of a carbon skeleton.

Ester

A functional group where a carbonyl group ($C=O$) is adjacent to an ether linkage ($-O-$).

Halocarbon

An organic compound containing at least one halogen atom (such as fluorine, chlorine, or bromine) bonded to a carbon.

Ether

A functional group characterized by an oxygen atom bridged between two alkyl or aryl groups ($R-O-R'$).

Ketone

A functional group featuring a carbonyl group ($C=O$) bonded to two other carbon atoms.

Amine

A functional group containing a nitrogen atom with a lone pair, often derived from ammonia.

Carboxylic acid

A functional group consisting of a carbonyl bound to a hydroxyl group ($-COOH$).

Amide

A functional group where a carbonyl group ($C=O$) is linked to a nitrogen atom.