Gastrointestinal Disorders and Medication Therapy

This set of flashcards covers gastrointestinal disorders including PONV, CINV, GERD, and PUD, along with their associated pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments.

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)

A condition managed with a multimodal treatment approach including hydration, $O_2$, a combination of antiemetics, and nonpharmacologic techniques.

Ondansetron

The drug of choice among serotonin antagonists for treating antiemetic needs in PONV.

Psychogenic Vomiting

A diagnosis made after all other causes are eliminated, often treated with metoclopramide or antianxiety drugs and counseling.

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV)

Emesis likely produced by more than one mechanism, requiring prophylactic treatment administered 30-60 minutes prior to chemotherapy.

Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting (NV)

Nausea managed with nonpharmacologic methods like progressive muscle relaxation, mind diversion, hypnosis, and systemic desensitization.

Radiation-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (RINV)

Nausea associated with radiation therapy, typically treated with granisetron, ondansetron, or other serotonin antagonists.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Also known as heartburn or sour stomach, caused by the reflux of gastric secretions like pepsin and hydrochloric acid into the esophagus due to a weakened lower esophageal sphincter.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Characterized by burning, gnawing, or aching pain when the stomach is empty, often caused by $H.\text{ pylori}$, NSAID use, or breakdown of the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

A class of drugs like Nexium that block the acid-producing pump from working.

H2 Receptor Antagonist

Drugs such as Cimetidine, Famotidine, and nizatidine that decrease acid secretion by blocking $H_2$ receptors.

Antacids

Agents including calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, or aluminum hydroxide that work by neutralizing stomach acid.

Benzodiazepines

Drugs like Diazepam and Lorazepam that are thought to depress the vomiting center (VC) to manage nausea and vomiting.

Anticholinergic Agents

Medications like scopolamine and antihistamines used for motion sickness to counterbalance excessive amounts of acetylcholine.

Delayed Emesis

A type of vomiting treated with a combination of prochlorperazine, lorazepam, and diphenhydramine given orally 1 hour before meals.

Hyperthyroidism

A physiological condition listed as a potential cause for diarrhea.

Metoclopramide

Also known as Reglan, used in high doses for CINV or as a treatment for psychogenic vomiting.

Bismuth salicylate

A locally acting antidiarrheal agent used to treat altered elimination.