BioDiversity Set 16 - ANIMALS

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What did animals likely evolve from?

From sponge-like ancestors 700-800 mya

What is one of the oldest animal fossils?

Dickinsonia species (558 mya)

What is the specific chemical associated with animal fossils?

Cholesterol

Are animals chemoorganohetertophs, photoautotrophs, or mixotrophs?

They are ALL chemoorganoheterotrophs!!

• Primarily phagotrophs → engulf and digest internally

What are some characteristics of animals?

Multicellular – no cell walls (unlike plants protists and most fungi)

Move under own power – or at some point in the lifecycle

All have muscle cells - Changes in body shape, association with movement, feeding, circulation and respiration

Most have nerve cells (neurons) - Allow for system integration across the organism + active response to their environments

Do animals have Alternation of Generations?

NO!! These stages are NOT independent = no AoG

Is the Haploid or Diploid form dominant in animals?

The Diploid form

What is the primary form of reproduction most animals use?

S3XUAL REPRODUCTION (m/f gametes) → the fusion of eggs and sperm

What is the secondary form of reproduction some animals use?

AESEXUAL REPRODUCTION - two types:

• Budding

• Parthenogenesis

What is budding?

A form of asexual reproduction, wherein a new individual forms off an existing individual, like a tree budding sprouts!

What is parthenogenesis?

A form of asexual reproduction, also known as “virgin birth” → only female genetic material is involved, producing a female clone that are either completely or near totally genetically similar to the original individual

• Absolutely no male genetics involved

What are the five traits used to organize/define animal diversity?

1. DOES AN ANIMAL HAVE SPECIALIZED OR UNQIUE TISSUES

2. WHAT TYPE OF BODY SYMMETRY DOES IT HAVE

3. WHAT TYPE OF BODY CAVITY DOES IT HAVE

4. WHAT IS ITS EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

5. IS THE BODY SEGMENTED?

TRAIT 1 - What animals do not have specialized or unique tissues?

Species like Sponges or Placozoa,

• They have specialized cells, but no distinct tissues

What are the two types of body symmetry used for classifying animals?

Radial and Bilateral

What is radial symmetry?

When the organism has no front/back OR left/right, rather parts arranged around a central axis

• These animals have an endoderm (internal) and ectoderm (external)

What is bilateral symmetry?

When an organism has a front/back AND a right/left, divided into two mirror-image halves

• These animals have an endoderm (internal), mesoderm (middle) and ectoderm (external)

Do animals with radial symmetry have a mesoderm?

NO!! They only have an endoderm and an ectoderm

Do most animals have radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry

Most animals have bilateral symmetry

What does coelom mean?

It is a fluid-filled body cavity

What are the three types of body cavities (coelom) animals are classified by?

Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates and Coelomates

What are Acoelomates?

They are animals with NO BODY CAVITY, only a digestive tract

What are Pseudocoelomates?

Animals with a false body cavity located in-between the mesoderm and endoderm.

• Contain no organs

• Filled with fluid/gas

• Have a hydroskeleton → rigidity

What are coelomates?

They are animals with a true body cavity that forms within the mesoderm

• This includes organ systems and speacalized tissues

What are the two types of embryological developments an animal can classified by?

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

Are all animal phyla classified using embryological development?

No, not all are classified through trait 4

What are characteristics of protostomes?

They develop from mouth to anus