BIOL 1108 - Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

genetic condition; autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system attacks the cells that make insulin

Type 2 Diabetes

Genetic predisposition contributes, but environmental and lifestyle factors including diet and exercise are primary factors; cells lose insulin sensitivity

Mouth

first encounter for food by mashing with teeth to swallow; moisture to allow things to slide easier

Salivary glands

provide salvia (mostly water); includes an enzyme called amylase that helps break down starch

Esophagus

made of smooth muscle and pushes food down to the stomach

Stomach

big muscular organ; physically squishes food; injects gastric acids and hydrochloride acid to chemically break down food

Liver

makes bile (chemical salt) which helps break down different kinds of foods; bile is stored in the gall bladder

Gall bladder

stores bile until food passes by

Pancreas

creates a whole range of enzymes that break down the food we eat

Small intestine

22 feet long; only place where our body absorbs nutrients from food

Large intestine

water reabsorption

Appendix

length between small intestine and large intestine

Rectum

waste disposal

Anus

waste disposal

Enzymes

proteins (mostly) that brings molecules (substrates) together or hold them in positions that make it “easier” to form a product from them

Induced-fit model

the enzyme shape shifts when bound to substrates to facilitate the reaction

Amylase

enzyme that digest starch (carbohydrates)

Polar bonds

electrons are not shared evenly between

Non-polar bonds

occur when the atoms involved have roughly the same electronegativities (they can be a little different and we still call them non-polar)

Fats (Lipids)

made of fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) and sometimes a sugar or phosphate

Proteins

made up of lots of different amino acids; most polar R group

Nucleic Acids

made of phosphate/sugar backbone and nitrogenous base (nucleotides)

Carbohydrates

contain C’s, O’s and H’s

Polar head

hydrophilic “water-loving”

Non-polar tails

hydrophobic “water hating”

Blood carrier proteins

move non-polar molecules through water-based blood

Membrane carrier proteins

move polar molecules through the hydrophobic lipid bilayer

Nervous System

rapid transmission of electrochemical messages that are targeted and short-lived; signals sent though neurons

Endocrine System

rapid transmission of chemical signals that can be prolonged and communicate to many areas (targets) at once; signals sent though bloodstream

Hormones

chemical messengers that travel throughout the body in the blood